The Interplay Between Diet and the Epigenome in the Pathogenesis of Type-1 Diabetes

Kohil, Amira; Al-Asmakh, Maha; Al-Shafai, Mashael; Terranegra, Annalisa

doi:10.3389/fnut.2020.612115

Cited by 17 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 118 publications

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“…This was in accordance to the observation of Kalra and Dhingra ( 15 ), who reported the hypothesis that exposure to A1/A1 β-CN milk of exotic breeds, such as those from India, might be linked with the rising incidence of type 1 diabetes. On the same topic, Kohil et al ( 25 ) concluded that specific dietary patterns can exert a direct impact on pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes through epigenetic modifications and that BCM-7 could act as an epigenetic modulator, differentially methylating genes involved in type 1 diabetes development. However, more recently, both Aslam et al ( 17 ) and Hegde ( 18 ) concluded that there was no clear evidence linking BCM-7 intake with type 1 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and neurological disorders.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A2 Milk and BCM-7 Peptide as Emerging Parameters of Milk Quality

et al. 2022

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Beta-casein makes up about 30% of the total protein contained in milk and can be present in cows' milk in two distinct forms (A1 or A2) or as a combination of the two. The only difference between these two variants of β-casein (β-CN) is a single amino acid substitution. This results in a different behavior of the protein upon enzymatic cleavage, following human consumption or due to microbial action. In most of the commercially available milk containing A1 or A1/A2 β-CN variants, the β-casomorphin-7 peptide (BCM-7) is released upon digestion and during cheese manufacturing/ripening, while this does not happen with A2 milk. BCM-7 is a known μ-opioid receptor agonist that may influence the gastro-intestinal physiology directly and may also exert effects elsewhere in the body, such as on the cardiovascular, neurological and endocrine systems. The present article is aimed at a revision of prior review papers on the topic, with a focus on the impact of ingestion of A1 β-CN milk and A2 β-CN milk on any health-related outcomes and on the impact of A1 or A2 β-CN variant on technological properties of cows' milk. When systematic reviews were considered, it was possible to conclude that A2 β-CN exerts beneficial effects at the gastrointestinal level compared with A1 β-CN, but that there is no evidence of A1 β-CN having negative effects on human health. Physicochemical differences among cows' milk containing either β-CN A2 or β-CN A1 and their effects on technological properties are discussed.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A2 Milk and BCM-7 Peptide as Emerging Parameters of Milk Quality

et al. 2022

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“…The hypothesis behind the controversy is that A1 betacasein may increase the risk of DM-1 in genetically susceptible children with the release of opioid peptide, BCM-7, which affects the immune system and produces autoantibodies against β-cells of the pancreas. Also, BCM-7 through epigenetic modulation found to be differentially methylated genes that predispose DM-1 [17]. In a case-control study in Finland, the early introduction of bovine milk resulted in an increased risk of DM-1 by 2 times [37].…”

Section: Type 1 Diabetes (Dm-1)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Science of A1 & A2 Milk: Decoding the Enigma

Reddy¹,

Reddy²

2022

Act Sci VetSci

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An increase in metabolic diseases globally associated with changing lifestyles mandates continuous research on the food we consume. Though many of the conditions are multifactorial, identifying those risk factors poses a real challenge. One such risk factor currently in limelight is the myth and facts revolving around milk consumption. Milk and dairy products are said to be one of the most common essential commodities relished by people irrespective of age. But there always exists many misconceptions considering milk consumption among both literate and ignorant sectors. Observational, epidemiological, and clinical studies in humans and laboratory animals revealed potential health hazards concerned with the intake of A1 milk. However, such harmful effects are minimal with that of A2 milk. On the other hand, profound health benefits and medicinal importance were believed to be encrypted behind the consumption of indigenous dairy products. Irrespective of all these discussions conclusions on milk consumption is yet to be established.Hence, considering existing facts and beliefs, studies should be encouraged, and efforts are to be streamlined in the conservation and propagation of our indigenous breeds which are the prime source of A2 milk. This review summarised the importance of A2 milk in comparison with that of A1 milk and emphasized the necessity of protecting our natural resources within our Indian subcontinent.

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“…The protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22) gene on chromosome 1p13 exhibits polymorphisms and encodes lymphoid specific phosphatase (LYP) [ 93 ]. LYP suppresses activation of T cells and is linked with T1D [ 68 ]. On the other hand, the interferon induced helicase 1 (IFIH1), interleukin-2 receptor subunit alpha (IL2RA), ubiquitin associated SH3 domain containing protein A (UBASH3A) and basic leucine zipper transcription factor 2 (BACH2) are important genetic loci associated with T1D [ 23 , 24 , 114 , 121 ].…”

Section: Genetic Regulations Of Diabetesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Environmental factors control the activation or inhibition of a particular gene expression by regulating transcription factor accessibility to DNA. Among epigenetic modifications, DNA methylation, histone modifications and altered microRNA mediated genetic expression trigger the onset of several autoimmune disorders including T1D [ 68 ]. The main environmental factors responsible for onset of T2D are intra-utero environments, advancement of age, low birth weight, obesity of mother that ultimately cause intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) of child [ 63 ].…”

Section: Epigenetic Influence In Diabetesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Histones modifications refer to post translational modification of histone protein by various processes like methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and sumoylation. In histone methylation, methyl group addition to arginine or lysine residues leads to the activation or suppression of transcription based on the degree of modification whereas, in histone demethylation, lysine specific demethylase-1 (LSD1) demethylated mono- and di- methylated lysine, specially H3K3 and H3K4 region [ 68 , 107 ]. The histone acetylation and de-acetylation indicate addition or removal of acetyl group with the help of histone-acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone-deacetylases (HDACs), respectively.…”

Section: Epigenetic Influence In Diabetesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diabetes: discovery of insulin, genetic, epigenetic and viral infection mediated regulation

Ghosh

Mahalanobish

Sil

2021

Nucleus

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Diabetes mellitus, commonly referred to as diabetes, is a combination of many metabolic diseases. Insulin deficiency in our body is the main cause of diabetes. Insulin is one of the most well studied proteins, yet the genesis of its discovery was not getting much attention so far. Nevertheless, the history of the discovery of insulin is an exemplary of solving observational and scientific riddles, drudgery, patience and even professional turmoil. It is an inspiration for all medical personnel and scientists who are practising in the field of molecular medicine. Additionally, the genetic and epigenetic regulation of different types of diabetes needs to be addressed because of the widespread nature of the disease. Diabetes not only involves genetic predisposition but environmental factors, lifestyle etc. can be the major contributor for its inception. Nonetheless, viral infections at an early age are also found to trigger the onset of type I diabetes. In this review article, the history of the discovery of insulin is detailed along with the justification for the genetic and epigenetic regulatory mechanisms of diabetes and explained how viral infections can also trigger the onset of diabetes.

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The Interplay Between Diet and the Epigenome in the Pathogenesis of Type-1 Diabetes

Cited by 17 publications

References 118 publications

A2 Milk and BCM-7 Peptide as Emerging Parameters of Milk Quality

A2 Milk and BCM-7 Peptide as Emerging Parameters of Milk Quality

The Science of A1 & A2 Milk: Decoding the Enigma

Diabetes: discovery of insulin, genetic, epigenetic and viral infection mediated regulation

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