The International Incidence of Venereal Disease

Guthe, T; Willcox, R. R.

doi:10.1177/146642407109100306

Cited by 14 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…7, 14, 15 Similarly, overall increases in gonorrhoea were noted in Europe and New Zealand in the 1960s, and difficulties controlling syphilis and gonorrhoea in the UK in that decade were, in part, attributed to ecological factors that included an observed increase in ‘prostitution and homosexuality’. 5, 16, 17 This type of characterisation is typical of the literature of the period, with MSM often aggregated into atypical and sometimes derogatory groupings not explicitly separable from heterosexuals.…”

Section: Stis Among Msm Before Hivmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…For example, rates of primary and secondary syphilis increased from near zero in 1960 to between 150 and 300 cases per 100 000 in Oslo, Copenhagen and Stockholm. 16 Evidence for increasing or decreasing trends among MSM was largely anecdotal, or based on small clinical cohorts and specific patient populations, yet these studies do suggest STIs were endemic in MSM in many urban centres. Moreover, these men were increasingly being recognised as a behavioural group specifically in need of additional STI services.…”

Section: Stis Among Msm Before Hivmentioning

confidence: 97%

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As through a glass, darkly: the future of sexually transmissible infections among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men

et al. 2017

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The trajectory of sexually transmissible infection (STI) incidence among gay and other men who have sex with men (MSM) suggests that incidence will likely remain high in the near future. STIs were hyperendemic globally among MSM in the decades preceding the HIV epidemic. Significant changes among MSM as a response to the HIV epidemic, caused STI incidence to decline, reaching historical nadirs in the mid-1990s. With the advent of antiretroviral treatment (ART), HIV-related mortality and morbidity declined significantly in that decade. Concurrently, STI incidence resurged among MSM and increased in scope and geographic magnitude. By 2000, bacterial STIs were universally resurgent among MSM, reaching or exceeding pre-HIV levels. While the evidence base necessary for assessing the burden STIs among MSM, both across time and across regions, continues to be lacking, recent progress has been made in this respect. Current epidemiology indicates a continuing and increasing trajectory of STI incidence among MSM. Yet increased reported case incidence of gonorrhoea is likely confounded by additional screening and identification of an existing burden of infection. Conversely, more MSM may be diagnosed and treated in the context of HIV care or as part of routine management of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), potentially reducing transmission. Optimistically, uptake of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination may lead to a near-elimination of genital warts and reductions in HPV-related cancers. Moreover, structural changes are occurring with respect to sexual minorities in social and civic life that may offer new opportunities, as well as exacerbate existing challenges, for STI prevention among MSM.

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Section: Stis Among Msm Before Hivmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Stis Among Msm Before Hivmentioning

confidence: 97%

As through a glass, darkly: the future of sexually transmissible infections among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men

et al. 2017

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“…Yaws was once endemic and was eradicated by the WHO yaws campaign of the early 1950s. However, Guthe and Willcox (1971) have observed that early syphilis is becoming more usual in many parts of Africa including Nigeria. Osoba (1972b) showed this was so in southern Nigeria when he reported a treponemal sero-reactivity rate of 2-8 % among 15 399 hospital patients, whereas Guthe and Ids0e (1968) reported a yaws incidence of only 0-2%.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexually transmitted diseases in Ibadan, Nigeria

Sogbetun

Alausa

Osoba

1977

Sexually Transmitted Infections

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SUMMARY Although previous workers have emphasised that venereal disease is rife in many developing countries there are no reliable statistics on the relative incidence of such infections. This dearth of information about these infections in Africa is directly related to economic factors, and the lack of modern diagnostic facilities and medical manpower. The pattern of these diseases was studied over a 30-month period at a hospital clinic serving an African population of about 2 million people. Standard diagnostic methods were used. The age distribution of patients conformed with that in other parts of the world except that more pre-pubertal patients were seen. The male to female ratio was 3:1. Non-specific genital infections were the most common (25-9%) followed closely by post-pubertal gonorrhoea (19.5 %). Pre-pubertal gonorrhoea was commoner than reported elsewhere (4.0%) and this may be because the children have been in contact with infected clothing of their parents or members of their family. Most strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were sensitive to penicillin by the disc method, but a few were markedly resistant to this and other agents. It is to be expected that the problem of gonococcal drug resistance will increase unless effective legislation is introduced to discourage self-medication with antimicrobial preparations. Venereophobia was common (6.6 %) and sociocultural factors may play a dominant role in the incidence of the basically psychiatric condition. Syphilis constituted 2-5 % of diagnoses and this can be regarded as an ominous sign in an area where yaws was endemic two decades ago and is now virtually nonexistent. Altogether 9.5 % of cases had multiple diagnoses making them dangerous sources of multiple infections. Up to 70% of the patients were infected after a promiscuous sexual activity. Such a high level of promiscuity would undoubtedly lead to an even greater dissemination of these infections. It is essential to provide facilities for diagnosis and treatment in every major town in Africa, otherwise it will be difficult, if not impossible, to control such infections.

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“…The reasons for this are not entirely clear. In spite of the facilities for easy diagnosis and treatment in countries with a highly-developed service, the figures for gonorrhoea have mounted startlingly all over the world (Guthe and Willcox, 1971). With the better delineation of these two diseases resulting from good facilities, the 'other' sexually transmitted diseases are increasing which makes even greater demands on premises, personnel, and money not only for day-to-day management but also for the expanding research programmes now found to be necessary.…”

Section: The Vicious Circle In the Developing Countriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

VD education in developing countries. A comparison with developed countries.

Willcox¹

1976

Sexually Transmitted Infections

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No new method of control of the sexually transmitted diseases is imminent. Reliance has to be placed on existing methods including health education. Health education has a double role, being a primary method in its own right, and--of equal or greater importance--being involved in the enforcement of all of the other tried methods. A comparison is made of the situation in countries with a developed or an underdeveloped venereal disease control service, in respect of organization, statistical reporting, the various agencies treating venereal disease, clinic and diagnostic facilities, personnel concerned in venereal disease management, and other aspects. The vicious circle inherent in developing countries is outlined. A lack of awareness of the extent of the problem and the presence of other serious competing diseases lead to a low budget, thence to poor diagnostic and treatment facilities, and to few cases being seen in the official clinics and hospitals. Thus relatively small numbers of cases are reported and there is consequently a continuing lack of awareness of the problem. A method of cutting through such a circle is suggested, and the importance of health education activities during this period is emphasized.

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The International Incidence of Venereal Disease

Cited by 14 publications

References 20 publications

As through a glass, darkly: the future of sexually transmissible infections among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men

As through a glass, darkly: the future of sexually transmissible infections among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men

Sexually transmitted diseases in Ibadan, Nigeria

VD education in developing countries. A comparison with developed countries.

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