The International Global Atmospheric Chemistry Project (IGAC) Summary of an Established Project of the IGBP

Crutzen, Paul J.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-76067-9_17

Cited by 9 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The intensity of human interactions with Earth systems has accelerated in recent decades, because of urban development, population growth, industrialization, deforestation, construction of dams, etc., with changes in physical, biological, and chemical processes in soils and waters. In particular, human activity, driven by a high level of world population that is about eight billion (U. S. Census Bureau 2020), has induced changes to Earth's surface, cryosphere, ecosystems, and climate that are now so great and rapid, advancing the geological epoch of Anthropocene (Crutzen and Stoermer, 2000;Foley et al, 2013). The beginning of the Anthropocene at around 1780 AD marks the beginning of immense rises in human population and carbon emissions as well as atmospheric CO 2 levels (Ellis et al, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two mechanisms for accelerated diffusion of COVID-19 outbreaks in regions with high intensity of population and polluting industrialization: the air pollution-to-human and human-to-human transmission dynamics

Coccia

2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

What is COVID-19? Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is viral infection that generates a severe acute respiratory syndrome with serious pneumonia that may result in progressive respiratory failure and death. What are the goals of this investigation? This study explains the geo-environmental determinants of the accelerated diffusion of COVID-19 in Italy that is generating a high level of deaths and suggests general lessons learned for a strategy to cope with future epidemics similar to COVID-19 to reduce viral infectivity and negative impacts in economic systems and society. What are the results of this study? The main results are: o The accelerate and vast diffusion of COVID-19 in North Italy has a high association with air pollution. o Hinterland cities have average days of exceeding the limits set for PM10 (particulate matter 10 micrometers or less in diameter) equal to 80 days, and an average number of infected more than 2,000 individuals as of April 1st, 2020, coastal cities have days of exceeding the limits set for PM10 equal to 60 days and have about 700 infected in average. o Cities that average number of 125 days exceeding the limits set for PM10, last year, they have an average number of infected individual higher than 3,200 units, whereas cities having less than 100 days (average number of 48 days) exceeding the limits set for PM10, they have an average number of about 900 infected individuals. o The results reveal that accelerated transmission dynamics of COVID-19 in specific environments is due to two mechanisms given by: air pollution-to-human transmission and human-to-human transmission; in particular, the mechanisms of air pollution-to-human transmission play a critical role rather than human-to-human transmission. o The finding here suggests that to minimize future epidemic similar to COVID-19, the max number of days per year in which cities can exceed the limits set for PM10 or for ozone, considering their meteorological condition, is less than 50 days. After this critical threshold, the analytical output here suggests that environmental inconsistencies because of the combination between air pollution and meteorological conditions (with high moisture%, low wind speed and fog) trigger a take-off of viral infectivity (accelerated epidemic diffusion) with damages for health of population, economy and society. What is a socioeconomic strategy to prevent future epidemics similar to COVID-19? Considering the complex interaction between air pollution, meteorological conditions and biological characteristics of viral infectivity, lessons learned for COVID-19 have to be applied for a proactive socioeconomic strategy to cope with future epidemics, especially an environmental policy based on reduction of air pollution mainly in hinterland zones of countries, having low wind speed, high percentage of moisture and fog that create an environment that can damage immune system of people and foster a fast transmission of viral infectivity similar to the COVID-19. This study must conclude that a strategy to prevent future epidemics similar to COVID 19 has also to be designed in environmental and sustainability science and not only in terms of biology.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two mechanisms for accelerated diffusion of COVID-19 outbreaks in regions with high intensity of population and polluting industrialization: the air pollution-to-human and human-to-human transmission dynamics

Coccia

2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…106 The idea of the Anthropocene began in science in 2000, in the context of a meeting of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program (IGBP), one of the key scientific groups that synthesized research for the IPCC. 107,108 The concern of this group was that the future should not be reduced to dire predictions about climate change 109 and should include human responses to the impending global warming crisis, recognizing that the recent acceleration of change has its roots in the very particular human behaviors of the fossil-fuel economies of the 20th century. 110 By 2005, when many of the scientific leaders active in IPCC developed a plan for at a workshop in Dahlem, Germany, ESS reached out to include archeology, history, anthropology and other humanities disciplines in their international networks through an interdisciplinary history program, the IHOPE.…”

Section: Climate and Biodiversity Justice: A New Ethics Of The 'More-mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ESS was also the midwife of the Anthropocene concept, as noted already. 107 Defiant Earth explores the 'rupture' of the Anthropocene. Hamilton argues passionately that this is not just a significant human footprint on the Earth's surface; it is not just a layer in the rocks, nor is it just a landscape change, nor just about the environment.…”

Section: The Expertise Of Humanists: a Case In Pointmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental humanities and climate change: understanding humans geologically and other life forms ethically

Robin¹

2017

WIREs Climate Change

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The task of reconceptualizing planetary change for the human imagination calls on a wide range of disciplinary wisdom. Environmental studies were guided by the natural sciences in the 1960s, and in the 1970s broadened to include policy and the social sciences. By the 1990s, with global environmental changes well‐documented, various humanist initiatives emerged, expanding the idea of ethics, responsibility and justice within the transdisciplinary mode of environmental studies. Shared problems, places, and scales form the basis for collaborative work in the environmental humanities, sometimes in partnerships with natural sciences and the creative arts. Experiential learning and trust in judgments based on different methods typically guide humanities interventions. Shifting the frameworks of environmental research to be more consciously inclusive and diverse is enabling concepts of the physical world that better include humans and taking ethics beyond humans to consider more‐than‐human Others. This review considers historically how the environment and the humanities became conceptualized together. It then explores three emerging fields in transdisciplinary environmental scholarship where environmental humanities are playing major leadership roles: (1) climate and biodiversity justice, both for humans and for other forms of life; (2) the Anthropocene as a metaphor for living with planetary changes and (3) life after ‘the end of nature,’ including rewilding and restoration. While environmental humanities also work in many other fields, these cases exemplify the crucial tasks of situating the human in geological and ecological terms and other life forms (the ‘more‐than‐human’) in ethical terms. WIREs Clim Change 2018, 9:e499. doi: 10.1002/wcc.499 This article is categorized under: Climate, History, Society, Culture > Disciplinary Perspectives

show abstract

“…R ecent decades have witnessed accelerating climatic change, biodiversity loss, modifications to biogeochemical cycles, and alteration of the biophysical processes that shape the Earth's surface. 1,2 The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment provided a comprehensive review of the status of and threats to ecosystems 3 and highlighted how biodiversity is a key contributor to numerous ecosystem functions and services. This has been widely adopted and is now central to the 2020 targets of the international Convention on Biological Diversity, 4 aimed at halting declines in the provisioning of services.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coupling virtual watersheds with ecosystem services assessment: a 21st century platform to support river research and management

et al. 2015

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The demand for freshwater is projected to increase worldwide over the coming decades, resulting in severe water stress and threats to riverine biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, and services. A major societal challenge is to determine where environmental changes will have the greatest impacts on riverine ecosystem services and where resilience can be incorporated into adaptive resource planning. Both water managers and scientists need new integrative tools to guide them toward the best solutions that meet the demands of a growing human population but also ensure riverine biodiversity and ecosystem integrity. Resource planners and scientists could better address a growing set of riverine management and risk mitigation issues by (1) using a ‘virtual watersheds’ approach based on improved digital river networks and better connections to terrestrial systems, (2) integrating virtual watersheds with ecosystem services technology (ARtificial Intelligence for Ecosystem Services: ARIES), and (3) incorporating the role of riverine biotic interactions in shaping ecological responses. This integrative platform can support both interdisciplinary scientific analyses of pressing societal issues and effective dissemination of findings across river research and management communities. It should also provide new integrative tools to identify the best solutions and trade‐offs to ensure the conservation of riverine biodiversity and ecosystem services. WIREs Water 2015, 2:609–621. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1106 This article is categorized under: Water and Life > Conservation, Management, and Awareness

show abstract

The International Global Atmospheric Chemistry Project (IGAC) Summary of an Established Project of the IGBP

Cited by 9 publications

References 0 publications

Two mechanisms for accelerated diffusion of COVID-19 outbreaks in regions with high intensity of population and polluting industrialization: the air pollution-to-human and human-to-human transmission dynamics

Two mechanisms for accelerated diffusion of COVID-19 outbreaks in regions with high intensity of population and polluting industrialization: the air pollution-to-human and human-to-human transmission dynamics

Environmental humanities and climate change: understanding humans geologically and other life forms ethically

Coupling virtual watersheds with ecosystem services assessment: a 21st century platform to support river research and management

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About