The International Atmospheric Circulation Reconstructions over the Earth (ACRE) Initiative

Allan, Rob; Brohan, Philip; Compo, Gilbert P.; Stone, Roger; Luterbacher, Jürg; Brönnimann, Stefan

doi:10.1175/2011bams3218.1

Cited by 165 publications

(164 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Upwelling processes recorded at a number of the sites may also influence the twentieth-century composite ( Supplementary Sections 1 and 8). Further confirmation and analysis of results for the nineteenth and twentieth centuries requires extended historical reanalyses 9,20 , higher spatiotemporal resolution SST reconstructions from other marine palaeoclimate marine archives [21][22][23] and climate model simulations 10 . regional variability 12,13 , and: (1) minimizes bias owing to any individual reconstruction overprinting the average trend [14][15][16] (Fig.…”

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confidence: 99%

Robust global ocean cooling trend for the pre-industrial Common Era

et al. 2015

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International audienceKnowledge of natural climate variability is essential to better constrain the uncertainties in projections of twenty-first-century climate change 1–5. The past 2,000 years (2 kyr) have emerged as a critical interval in this endeavour, with sufficient length to characterize natural decadal-to-centennial scale change, known external climate forcings 6 and with distinctive patterns of spatiotemporal temperature variations 7. However, reconstructions for the full 2 kyr interval are not available for the global ocean, a primary heat reservoir 8 and an important regulator of global climate on longer timescales 9–11. Here we present a global ocean sea surface temperature (SST) synthesis (Ocean2k SST synthesis) spanning the Common Era, which shows a cooling trend that is similar, within uncertainty, to that simulated by realistically forced climate models for the past millennium. We use the simulations to identify the climate forcing(s) consistent with reconstructed SST variations during the past millennium. The oceans mediate the response of global climate to natural and anthropogenic forcings. Yet for the past 2,000 years — a key interval for understanding the present and future climate response to these forcings — global sea surface temperature changes and the underlying driving mechanisms are poorly constrained. Here we present a global synthesis of sea surface temperatures for the Common Era (ce) derived from 57 individual marine reconstructions that meet strict quality control criteria. We observe a cooling trend from 1 to 1800 ce that is robust against explicit tests for potential biases in the reconstructions. Between 801 and 1800 ce, the surface cooling trend is qualitatively consistent with an independent synthesis of terrestrial temperature reconstructions, and with a sea surface temperature composite derived from an ensemble of climate model simulations using best estimates of past external radiative forcings. Climate simulations using single and cumulative forcings suggest that the ocean surface cooling trend from 801 to 1800 ce is not primarily a response to orbital forcing but arises from a high frequency of explosive volcanism. Our results show that repeated clusters of volcanic eruptions can induce a net negative radiative forcing that results in a centennial and global scale cooling trend via a decline in mixed-layer oceanic heat content

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confidence: 99%

Robust global ocean cooling trend for the pre-industrial Common Era

et al. 2015

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“…Such initiatives are common in the climate and ocean sciences but they are just starting to gain momentum in the biological sciences (Allan et al, 2011;Freeman et al, 2017). To our knowledge, the present study is the first large-scale attempt at digitization of historical limnology records.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The National Eutrophication Survey: lake characteristics and historical nutrient concentrations

Stachelek

Ford

Kincaid

et al. 2018

Earth Syst. Sci. Data

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Abstract. Historical ecological surveys serve as a baseline and provide context for contemporary research, yet many of these records are not preserved in a way that ensures their long-term usability. The National Eutrophication Survey (NES) database is currently only available as scans of the original reports (PDF files) with no embedded character information. This limits its searchability, machine readability, and the ability of current and future scientists to systematically evaluate its contents. The NES data were collected by the US Environmental Protection Agency between 1972 and 1975 as part of an effort to investigate eutrophication in freshwater lakes and reservoirs. Although several studies have manually transcribed small portions of the database in support of specific studies, there have been no systematic attempts to transcribe and preserve the database in its entirety. Here we use a combination of automated optical character recognition and manual quality assurance procedures to make these data available for analysis. The performance of the optical character recognition protocol was found to be linked to variation in the quality (clarity) of the original documents. For each of the four archival scanned reports, our quality assurance protocol found an error rate between 5.9 and 17 %. The goal of our approach was to strike a balance between efficiency and data quality by combining entry of data by hand with digital transcription technologies. The finished database contains information on the physical characteristics, hydrology, and water quality of about 800 lakes in the contiguous US (Stachelek et al., 2017, https://doi.org/10.5063/F1639MVD). Ultimately, this database could be combined with more recent studies to generate meta-analyses of water quality trends and spatial variation across the continental US.

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“…This underlines the importance of improving both current station coverage and historical data rescue and thus support for these efforts through initiatives (e.g. ACRE http://www.met-acre.org/, Allan et al, 2011). For T d , in total 78.1 % of stations have ≤ 1 % of hourly data removed and 98.0 % of stations have ≤ 5 % of hourly data removed.…”

Section: Quality Controlmentioning

confidence: 94%

HadISDH: an updateable land surface specific humidity product for climate monitoring

et al. 2013

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HadISDH is a near-global land surface specific humidity monitoring product providing monthly means from 1973 onwards over large-scale grids. Presented herein to 2012, annual updates are anticipated. HadISDH is an update to the land component of HadCRUH, utilising the global high-resolution land surface station product HadISD as a basis. HadISD, in turn, uses an updated version of NOAA's Integrated Surface Database. Intensive automated quality control has been undertaken at the individual observation level, as part of HadISD processing. The data have been subsequently run through the pairwise homogenisation algorithm developed for NCDC's US Historical Climatology Network monthly temperature product. For the first time, uncertainty estimates are provided at the grid-box spatial scale and monthly timescale.

HadISDH is in good agreement with existing land surface humidity products in periods of overlap, and with both land air and sea surface temperature estimates. Widespread moistening is shown over the 1973–2012 period. The largest moistening signals are over the tropics with drying over the subtropics, supporting other evidence of an intensified hydrological cycle over recent years. Moistening is detectable with high (95%) confidence over large-scale averages for the globe, Northern Hemisphere and tropics, with trends of 0.089 (0.080 to 0.098) g kg⁻¹ per decade, 0.086 (0.075 to 0.097) g kg⁻¹ per decade and 0.133 (0.119 to 0.148) g kg⁻¹ per decade, respectively. These changes are outside the uncertainty range for the large-scale average which is dominated by the spatial coverage component; station and grid-box sampling uncertainty is essentially negligible on large scales. A very small moistening (0.013 (−0.005 to 0.031) g kg⁻¹ per decade) is found in the Southern Hemisphere, but it is not significantly different from zero and uncertainty is large. When globally averaged, 1998 is the moistest year since monitoring began in 1973, closely followed by 2010, two strong El Niño years. The period in between is relatively flat, concurring with previous findings of decreasing relative humidity over land

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The International Atmospheric Circulation Reconstructions over the Earth (ACRE) Initiative

Cited by 165 publications

References 17 publications

Robust global ocean cooling trend for the pre-industrial Common Era

Robust global ocean cooling trend for the pre-industrial Common Era

The National Eutrophication Survey: lake characteristics and historical nutrient concentrations

HadISDH: an updateable land surface specific humidity product for climate monitoring

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