The internalizing pathway to adolescent substance use disorders: Mediation by ruminative reflection and ruminative brooding

Abstract

Two subtypes of rumination were examined in relationship to substance use and substance use disorders in adolescents. In the 8th and 9th grade, 521 adolescents completed measures assessing depressive symptoms, conduct problems, and reflective and brooding subtypes of rumination. In 12th grade, adolescents reported substance use and were administered the substance use disorders modules from the DISC. Path analyses conducted with data from 428 participants indicated that neither depression nor rumination variables significantly affected the presence of substance use. However, indirect effects of depression through reflection and brooding were differentially related to risk of developing substance use disorders, with brooding positively associated with Marijuana Use Disorders, and reflection negatively related to both Marijuana and Alcohol Use Disorders. Pathways did not differ by sex. These findings suggest that promoting self-reflection may be an effective strategy to prevent and intervene with the development of problematic substance use.

A systematic review of the unique prospective association of negative affect symptoms and adolescent substance use controlling for externalizing symptoms.

“…In addition to these mixed results, two articles found no association between depressive symptoms and composite measures of substance use after controlling for externalizing symptoms (Adrian et al, 2014; Bailey & McCloskey, 2005; Capaldi & Stoolmiller, 1999). …”

Perseverative Cognition and Health Behaviors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…Of the 19 included studies, 9 measured rumination (emotional rumination: Aldridge-Gerry et al, 2011; rumination: Ciesla et al, 2011; Dvorak et al, 2011; Willem et al, 2011; Cropley et al, 2012; Adrian et al, 2014; Frone, 2015; Willem et al, 2014; angry rumination: Ciesla et al, 2011; anxious rumination: Harwell et al, 2011), 9 studies measured health-related worry (Dijkstra and Brosschot, 2003; Li et al, 2009; Malmi et al, 2010; Rutten et al, 2011; Ferrer et al, 2013a,b; Swayampakala et al, 2013; Yong et al, 2014; Bernat et al, 2015), and 2 studies measured general worry (Shoal et al, 2005; Ciesla et al, 2011). In addition, four studies measured reflection (Willem et al, 2011, 2014; Cropley et al, 2012; Adrian et al, 2014). Note that Ciesla et al (2011) also measured co-rumination but this was removed as our conceptualization of rumination did not include this and the Cropley et al (2012) measure of problem-solving pondering was classified as reflection in our analyses.…”

“…Health behaviors investigated were alcohol consumption (Shoal et al, 2005; Aldridge-Gerry et al, 2011; Ciesla et al, 2011; Harwell et al, 2011; Willem et al, 2011, 2014; Adrian et al, 2014; Frone, 2015), marijuana use (Shoal et al, 2005; Willem et al, 2011; Adrian et al, 2014; Willem et al, 2014), smoking behavior and cessation (Dijkstra and Brosschot, 2003; Dvorak et al, 2011; Rutten et al, 2011; Swayampakala et al, 2013; Yong et al, 2014), eating behavior (Cropley et al, 2012; Ferrer et al, 2013a,b), cancer screening uptake (Malmi et al, 2010) and levels of physical activity (Li et al, 2009; Ferrer et al, 2013b; Bernat et al, 2015). See Table 1 for a more detailed overview of the included studies.…”

The ties that bind: Ingroup ties are linked with diminished inflammatory immune responses and fewer mental health symptoms through less rumination

“…This said, several variants of rumination exist, and some may be more detrimental to health than others. In this regard, rumination has been conceptualized to encompass several dimensions, including ruminative depression (cognitive and emotional components related to depression), brooding (moody pondering and criticism of self and others), and reflection (contemplating the basis for one’s feelings, which might even be beneficial) [ 56 ] [ 80 ]. Thus, following from Study 1, it was expected in Study 2 that ingroup ties with a variety of social groups (religious and otherwise) would be most strongly associated with depressive symptoms and circulating cytokines, and that these relations would be mediated by dimensions of a ruminative coping style (and especially depressive or brooding rumination).…”