The Internal Orbital Facial Breadth and Middle Facial Breadth in Mongoloid Crania from Peru and East Asia, with Special Reference to Their Significance as a Racial Criterion

Kato, Katsutomo; Ogata, Tamotsu; Manabe, Yoshitaka; Kitagawa, Yoshikazu; Oyamada, Joichi; Rokutanda, Atsushi

doi:10.2535/ofaj1936.74.4_115

Cited by 3 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…The zygomatic bones protrude not only laterally and forward, but they also project inferiorly, below the inferior border of the maxilla (Baba and Narasaki, ; Hwang et al, ; Gatliff, ; Kim et al, ; Bettens et al, ; Gibson, ; Blumenfeld, ; Chen et al, ). In the study done by Kato et al (), Native American groups and most of the Asian groups presented with an internal orbital facial breadth that was smaller than the middle facial breadth and reflected the greater extent of the projection of the zygoma.…”

Section: Ancestral Variationsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Examples of this extensive development of the zygoma noted in the facial morphology of the Inuit and the Fueguians are considered to result rather from biomechanical adaptations to hard chewing than climatic adaptations. The malleable response of the morphology of the face to masticatory stress during an individual's life and a selection process favoring craniofacial proportions that best respond to biomechanical stress may give rise to a prominent zygoma (Kato et al, ).…”

Section: Possible Factors Implicated In Ancestral Variationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The zygomaxillary angle (the angle at subspinale formed by the right and left lines from subspinale to each zygomaxillare anterior) measures the facial flatness at the subspinale relative to the bimaxillary diameter: the higher the angle, the flatter the maxillary region in this respect (Hanihara, ). Kato et al () compared the relationship of the internal orbital facial breadth and middle facial breadth as an Asian trait among populations around the world. In this relationship the middle facial breadth, which reflected the maxillary bone form and especially the elongated zygomatic process of the maxilla, was generally greater in Asian crania than the internal orbital facial breadth (Chen et al, ).…”

Section: Metric and Non‐metric Features Of The Zygomamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this relationship the middle facial breadth, which reflected the maxillary bone form and especially the elongated zygomatic process of the maxilla, was generally greater in Asian crania than the internal orbital facial breadth (Chen et al, ). This relationship was regarded useful and effective to discriminate Asian crania from European and African crania (Kato et al, ).…”

Section: Metric and Non‐metric Features Of The Zygomamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Groups exhibiting features of both European and Asian ancestry were termed “Diffusion of Asian features” and included Eastern Europeans and Russians. Special reference is made in the literature to groups thought to represent “Archaic groups” (Shanklin, ; Poulianos, ) as well as “Native Americans/Arctic” (Kato et al, ; Kozintsev et al, ), “Native South Americans” (Lahr, ) and certain “Native South African groups” (Winkler and Kirchengast, ; Freidline et al, ).…”

Section: Ancestral Variationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ancestral Variations in the Shape and Size of the Zygoma

Oettlé

Demeter

L'Abbé

2016

The Anatomical Record

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The variable development of the zygoma, dictating its shape and size variations among ancestral groups, has important clinical implications and valuable anthropological and evolutionary inferences. The purpose of the study was to review the literature regarding the variations in the zygoma with ancestry. Ancestral variation in the zygoma reflects genetic variations because of genetic drift as well as natural selection and epigenetic changes to adapt to diet and climate variations with possible intensification by isolation. Prominence of the zygoma, zygomaxillary tuberosity, and malar tubercle have been associated with Eastern Asian populations in whom these features intensified. Prominence of the zygoma is also associated with groups from Eastern Europe and the rest of Asia. Diffusion of these traits occurred across the Behring Sea to the Arctic areas and to North and South America. The greatest zygomatic projections are exhibited in Arctic groups as an adaptation to extreme cold conditions, while Native South American groups also present with other features of facial robusticity. Groups from Australia, Malaysia, and Oceania show prominence of the zygoma to a certain extent, possibly because of archaic occupations by undifferentiated Southeast Asian populations. More recent interactions with Chinese groups might explain the prominent cheekbones noted in certain South African groups. Many deductions regarding evolutionary processes and diversifications of early groups have been made. Cognisance of these ancestral variations also have implications for forensic anthropological assessments as well as plastic and reconstructive surgery. More studies are needed to improve accuracy of forensic anthropological identification techniques. Anat Rec, 300:196-208, 2017. V C 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Key words: evolution; malar prominence; zygomaxillary tuberosity; malar tubercle; native AmericanThe variable prominence of the cheek, known as the zygoma, is largely attributable to the shape of the underlying zygomatic and maxillary bones (Enlow and Hans, 1996;Standring, 2008). The extent of the development of the zygoma and, therefore, its shape and size varies among ancestral groups and has important correlations with the morphology of other features of the face such as the orbit, nasal cavity, and the mandible. Ancestral variations have been extensively researched and are thought to reflect subsistence, adaptation to climate, isolation and/or to historic contacts among human groups. Many deductions regarding evolutionary processes and

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Section: Ancestral Variationsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Possible Factors Implicated In Ancestral Variationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Metric and Non‐metric Features Of The Zygomamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Metric and Non‐metric Features Of The Zygomamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ancestral Variationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ancestral Variations in the Shape and Size of the Zygoma

Oettlé

Demeter

L'Abbé

2016

The Anatomical Record

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A systematic review of the surgical anatomy of the orbital apex

et al. 2020

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Purpose The orbital apex is the narrowest part of the orbit, housing the link between the intracranial cavity and orbit. Knowledge of orbital apex anatomy is crucial to selecting a surgical approach and reducing the risk of complications. Our purpose is to summarize current knowledge on surgical anatomy and attempt to reach a consensus on definition of the orbital apex. Methods The online databases of Embase, the Cochrane library, Web of Science and PubMed (MEDLINE) were queried in a comprehensive bibliographic search on the (surgical) anatomy of the orbital apex and consisted of a combination of two subjects, using indexed terms and free text: “Orbital Apex” and “Orbital Anatomy.” Results A total of 114 relevant papers were included in this review. Numerous anatomical variations are described in the literature. Variations of the optic canal include duplication (0.64%) and keyhole anomaly (2.65%). Variations in pneumatization of the anterior clinoid process were unilateral in almost 10%, bilateral in 9%, and normal in 72%. A rare variant of the superior orbital fissure (SOF) is Warwick’s foramen, which appears as if the lowest portion of the SOF was separated from the main fissure by a transverse bony bridge. Conclusion The definition of the orbital apex varies in the literature, and further research would most likely identify additional variations. A universal definition reporting these variations and pathology and imaging findings is essential for determining the optimal surgical approach to the orbital apex.

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Anatomy of the Superior Border of the Lateral Orbital Wall: Surgical Implications in Deep Lateral Orbital Wall Decompression Surgery

Kakizaki

Takahashi²,

Asamoto³

et al. 2011

Ophthalmic Plastic &Amp; Reconstructive Surgery

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The authors documented the anatomy of the superior border of the lateral orbital wall, including the different relative positions between the superior border and the orbital roof in the anterior and posterior parts of the orbit. To avoid dural exposure, the cortical bone should not be exposed at the junction between the superior and posterior borders of the lateral orbital wall, which corresponds to the junction of the anterior and middle cranial fossae.

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The Internal Orbital Facial Breadth and Middle Facial Breadth in Mongoloid Crania from Peru and East Asia, with Special Reference to Their Significance as a Racial Criterion

Cited by 3 publications

References 6 publications

Ancestral Variations in the Shape and Size of the Zygoma

Ancestral Variations in the Shape and Size of the Zygoma

A systematic review of the surgical anatomy of the orbital apex

Anatomy of the Superior Border of the Lateral Orbital Wall: Surgical Implications in Deep Lateral Orbital Wall Decompression Surgery

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