“…Participants are Polish immigrants who have lived in France for various lengths of time (who are Polish or French citizens) or descendants of immigrants (second, third or further generation), as well as French people without any Polish migrant background. They differ in many respects, as do the audiences of PVAFs' activities, including the degree to which they are rooted in French or Polish culture (Kubera, 2022). PVAFs most often concern themselves with Polish culture and art, preserving traditions and national identity, and promoting Poland (Krzyworzeka-Jelinowska, 2019;Kubera, 2020b).…”