“…Everyday racism may include racial microaggressions • Social anxiety disorder (SAD) [ 39 ] • Anxiety-related disorders (panic disorder (PD), social anxiety disorder (SAD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)) [ 21 ] | Daily exposure to racism has been linked to social anxiety disorder (SAD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and panic disorder (PD) | Internalized racism | The negative, racist views towards POC exhibited as self-hatred by POC who believe being White is superior and as a consequence, reject their community and identity as a POC [ 69 ] (Example: colorism ) | • Anxiety arousal [ 41 ] • SAD [ 40 ] • Agoraphobia with and without PD, GAD, PD, SAD [ 22 ] | Internalized racism (e.g., colorism) is from internalization of oppression that results in POC experiencing self-hatred and rejection of their community and identity. This internalization is documented to be associated with symptoms related to anxiety disorders |
Institutional racism* | Inequality with regard to socioeconomic accessibility and opportunity due to racial identity [ 6 •] | • OC symptoms [ 17 ] • Depression [ 59 ••] | Institutional racism (e.g., racial profiling) targets POC and creates socioeconomic barriers which result in various disadvantages, including the detrimental impact on mental health (e.g., obsessive–compulsive and depressive symptoms) |
Micro-aggressions | The use of negative, race-based statements or behaviors to convey insulting, aggressive, and derogatory language and foster hostile environments for POC [ 69 ] | • Anxiety [ 42 , 67 ] • PTSD symptoms [ 61 ] • Traumatic stress [ 60 ] • Anxiety-related trauma symptoms [ 52 ] | Microaggressions foster a hostile environment for POC which puts them in an uncomfortable and taxing situation, leading to low self-esteem and symptoms of anxiety, traumatization, and stress |
Structural racism* | The systematic process whereby policies, practices, procedures, and laws are instituted to the social, political, educational, economic, and environmental detriment of POC in order to uplift, maintain, and allocate power to White people [ ... |
…”