The interferon response is involved in nervous necrosis virus acute and persistent infection in zebrafish infection model

Lu, Ming; Chao, Yung Mei; Guo, Tz Chun; Santi, Nina; Evensen, Øystein; Kasani, Siti Khadijah; Hong, Jiann Ruey; Wu, Jen Leih

doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2007.07.018

Cited by 90 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Larval or juvenile stages are more prone to this viral infection, but significant mortality can also occur in older fish up to production-size as in European seabass, sevenband grouper, humpback grouper Cromileptes altivelis and Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus [4,37,71,83,86,125]. Infections are also reported in freshwater fish, such as Chinese catfish (P. asotus); Australia catfish (Tandanus tandanus); Barramundi (L. calcarifer); Medaka (Oryzias latipes); guppy (Poicelia reticulata) and zebrafish (Danio rerio) [5,22,52,53,62,63,76]. Several experimental infection studies have demonstrated that both marine and fresh water finfish are susceptible to betanodavirus infection [23,38,39,52,53,63].…”

Section: Occurrence and Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Betanodavirus of Marine and Freshwater Fish: Distribution, Genomic Organization, Diagnosis and Control Measures

et al. 2012

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Section: Occurrence and Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Betanodavirus of Marine and Freshwater Fish: Distribution, Genomic Organization, Diagnosis and Control Measures

et al. 2012

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“…Mature fish are more resistant to VNND but are still capable of horizontally transferring the virus to mature fish and vertically to their offspring. The high level of susceptibility to NNV of fish larvae and juveniles, including zebrafish (9), and the recent report describing an NNV outbreak in zebrafish (10) led us to establish an NNV-zebrafish larva infection model to study hostpathogen interactions in the early stages of development. Zebrafish characteristics make them an attractive model for studying host-microbe interactions and immune system development.…”

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confidence: 99%

Mortality Caused by Bath Exposure of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Larvae to Nervous Necrosis Virus Is Limited to the Fourth Day Postfertilization

Morick

Faigenbaum

Smirnov

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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cNervous necrosis virus (NNV) is a member of the Betanodavirus genus that causes fatal diseases in over 40 species of fish worldwide. Mortality among NNV-infected fish larvae is almost 100%. In order to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for the susceptibility of fish larvae to NNV, we exposed zebrafish larvae to NNV by bath immersion at 2, 4, 6, and 8 days postfertilization (dpf). Here, we demonstrate that developing zebrafish embryos are resistant to NNV at 2 dpf due to the protection afforded by the egg chorion and, to a lesser extent, by the perivitelline fluid. The zebrafish larvae succumbed to NNV infection during a narrow time window around the 4th dpf, while 6-and 8-day-old larvae were much less sensitive, with mortalities of 24% and 28%, respectively.A quaculture is the fastest increasing type of food production system in the world, with an annual growth rate of 9% since 1985 (1). The fish produced by aquaculture account for about 50% of the total amount of fish produced for human consumption (1). Nevertheless, the rapid development of aquaculture is associated with environmental costs, such as habitat degradation, diseases, and pollution (2). Viral nervous necrosis disease (VNND) is one of the most devastating threats to cultured marine fish worldwide and results in great economic loss. The disease is caused by the nervous necrosis virus (NNV), a member of the Betanodavirus genus. The virus is highly contagious and virulent to at least 40 marine and brackish water fish species, including groupers, sea bass, temperate basses, barramundi, mullet, sea bream, and flounder (3).NNV is a spherical, nonenveloped virus with a bipartite, positive, single-stranded RNA genome. The virus genome is composed of RNA1 (3,107 nucleotides [nt]) and RNA2 (1,421 nt), which encode the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) (4) and the coat protein (CP), respectively (5). A subgenomic transcript of the RNA1 segment (RNA3) encodes the nonstructural proteins B2 and B1 (6, 7). The B2 protein prevents host RNA interference-mediated cleavage (8). The B1 protein is expressed at the early stage of infection and exhibits an anti-necrotic cell death function (7).Mortality among NNV-infected larvae and juveniles is almost 100%, resulting in serious economic losses to producers of highvalue fish species. Mature fish are more resistant to VNND but are still capable of horizontally transferring the virus to mature fish and vertically to their offspring. The high level of susceptibility to NNV of fish larvae and juveniles, including zebrafish (9), and the recent report describing an NNV outbreak in zebrafish (10) led us to establish an NNV-zebrafish larva infection model to study hostpathogen interactions in the early stages of development. Zebrafish characteristics make them an attractive model for studying host-microbe interactions and immune system development. The optical transparency of zebrafish larvae, the availability of transgenic lines, their small size, and the rapid development of zebrafish embryos are some of their many advant...

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“…The zebrafish embryo is also able to counteract viral infections, such as spring viremia of carp virus (Sanders et al, 2003;Levraud et al, 2007), snakehead rhabdovirus and nervous necrosis virus (Lu et al, 2008). As in mammals, infection induces acute phase proteins in the zebrafish embryo.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…As in mammals, infection induces acute phase proteins in the zebrafish embryo. During the early phase of infection bacterial pathogens lead to the induction of il1b and tnfa , whereas viral infections induce tlr3, tnfa, mxa, mxb, mxc, mxe, viperin (also known as rsad2), ikba and ifn-j1 (ifnphi1) Novoa et al, 2006;Levraud et al, 2007;Lu et al, 2008). The ability of the fish embryo to react to infection with an effective immune defence is both of biological interest and of importance for practical reasons.…”

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confidence: 99%

The role of gamma interferon in innate immunity in the zebrafish embryo

Sieger

Stein

Neifer

et al. 2009

Disease Models &Amp; Mechanisms

112

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SUMMARY The zebrafish genome contains ten genes that encode class II cytokine-like peptides, of which the two that are related most closely to mammalian interferon gamma (IFN-γ) were named IFN-γ1 and IFN-γ2. Although the zebrafish has become a popular model system to study immune mechanisms, and although interferons are central regulators of immunity, which zebrafish cytokines correspond functionally to mammalian IFN-γ has not been established. We used zebrafish embryos to assay the functions of IFN-γ1 and IFN-γ2, and have identified a subset of zebrafish homologs of the mammalian IFN-responsive genes as IFN-γ targets in the zebrafish embryo: these genes are upregulated in response to raised levels of either IFN-γ1 or IFN-γ2. Infection studies using two different pathogens show that IFN-γ signalling is required for resistance against bacterial infections in the young embryo and that the levels of IFN-γ need to be regulated tightly: raising IFN-γ levels sensitizes fish embryos against bacterial infection. Embryos injected with high doses of Escherichia coli are able to clear the bacteria within a day, and the γ-interferons are necessary for this defence reaction. The protective response to Yersinia ruckeri, a natural fish pathogen that is lethal at low doses, also requires IFN-γ. As in the induction of target genes, the two interferons act at least partly redundantly. Together with the previously demonstrated type III interferon response, these results show that the counterparts of the mammalian viral and bacterial interferon-dependent defence functions are in place in zebrafish embryos, and suggest that zebrafish IFN-γ1 and IFN-γ2 are functionally equivalent to mammalian IFN-γ.

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The interferon response is involved in nervous necrosis virus acute and persistent infection in zebrafish infection model

Cited by 90 publications

References 31 publications

Betanodavirus of Marine and Freshwater Fish: Distribution, Genomic Organization, Diagnosis and Control Measures

Betanodavirus of Marine and Freshwater Fish: Distribution, Genomic Organization, Diagnosis and Control Measures

Mortality Caused by Bath Exposure of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Larvae to Nervous Necrosis Virus Is Limited to the Fourth Day Postfertilization

The role of gamma interferon in innate immunity in the zebrafish embryo

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