The Interface Between Psychiatry and Ophthalmology

Sadykov, Evgenii; Studnička, Jan; Hosák, Ladislav; Siligardou, Mikela-Rafaella; Elfurjani, Hajer; Hoikam, Jessica Leung; Kugananthan, Surentheran; Petrovas, Anastasios; Amjad, Talal

doi:10.14712/18059694.2019.104

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 29 publications

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“…Moreover, the patients in the previous studies were outpatients, whereas we focused on inpatients. In the current study, all schizophrenic patients took antipsychotic drugs, which could induce side-effects on the ocular surface, including pigmentary deposits of conjunctiva and cornea, reduction of tear secretion and tear film stability, damage of corneal epithelium, reduction of corneal thickness, and ocular toxicity ( 13 , 31 , 32 ). The absence of DED symptoms in patients with schizophrenia may be due to cognitive abnormalities and hypoesthesia ( 33 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dry Eye Disease in Patients With Schizophrenia: A Case-Control Study

Chen

Wei²,

Wang

et al. 2022

Front. Med.

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ObjectiveTo evaluate the clinical features and inflammatory cytokines of dry eye disease (DED) in patients with schizophrenia.MethodsThis is a case-control study. The modified self-rating depression scale (M-SDS) and the ocular surface disease index (OSDI) were used to evaluate the symptoms of depression and DED, respectively. Lipid layer thickness (LLT), partial blink rate (PBR), meibomian gland loss (MGL), tear break-up time (TBUT), corneal fluorescein staining, Schirmer I-test, and eyelid margin abnormalities were also measured. A multiplex ELISA Quantibody array was used to detect the inflammatory cytokines in the tears of all participants.ResultsForty schizophrenic patients and 20 control subjects were included. The mean age was 45.0 ± 9.5 years (range, 22–63 years) in schizophrenic patients and 45.4 ± 16.2 years (range, 23–76 years) in controls (P = 0.914). The ratio of male to female was 1.1 in schizophrenic patients and 1.0 in controls (P = 0.914). Ten women (52.6%) with schizophrenia and 2 (20%) in the control group (P = 0.096) were menopausal or post-menopausal. The OSDI [0.0 (0.0–4.2) vs. 7.3 (2.1–14.6)] and TBUT [4.5 (3.0–6.0) vs. 10.0 (3.5–11.0)] were significantly lower in patients with schizophrenia than in controls (P = 0.003 and P = 0.009, respectively). The rate of MGL [36.5 (17.5–47.5) vs. 8.5 (0.0–17.5)] increased in schizophrenic patients (P < 0.001). Among pro-inflammatory cytokines, the levels of interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-6, IL-11, IL-12A, IL-15, IL-17A, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in tears were elevated in the schizophrenia group (all P < 0.01). Most of the chemokines examined were at increased levels in the tears of schizophrenics (all P < 0.05). The levels of matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) were also higher in the schizophrenic patients (all P < 0.001). The concentrations of IL-1Ra, tissue-inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), and TIMP-2 in the schizophrenia group were decreased (all P < 0.001). In schizophrenic patients, the level of CCL2 in tears was positively correlated with OSDI (R = 0.34, P = 0.03). The increasing TIMP-1 and decreasing IL-5 were correlated with increasing LLT (R = 0.33, P = 0.035; R = −0.35, P = 0.027, respectively). The level of ICAM-1 was then positively correlated with partial blink rate (PBR) (R = 0.33, P = 0.035). There was a negative correlation between IL-8 and the Schirmer I-test (R = −0.41, P = 0.009).ConclusionsPatients with schizophrenia were more likely to experience asymptomatic DED, with mild symptoms and obvious signs. The inflammatory cytokines in the tears of schizophrenic patients differed greatly from that of non-schizophrenic patients.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dry Eye Disease in Patients With Schizophrenia: A Case-Control Study

Chen

Wei²,

Wang

et al. 2022

Front. Med.

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Psychiatric aspects of ophthalmic disorders: A narrative review

Mamtani

Chaturvedi

2023

Indian Journal of Ophthalmology

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Ophthalmic disorders have psychiatric aspects associated with them at various levels. Psychological factors have a well-documented role in the causation, aggravation, and maintenance of various ophthalmic conditions, including glaucoma, central serous retinopathy, dry eye disease, and retinitis pigmentosa. Many ophthalmic conditions, including blindness, have psychological manifestations as well, which need to be addressed, in addition to the ophthalmic pathology. There is also significant overlap in the treatment of the two disciplines in many ways. For instance, many ophthalmic drugs have psychiatric side effects. Even ophthalmological surgeries have psychiatric aspects associated with them, which primarily include black patch psychosis and anxiety in the operation theater. This review will be useful for psychiatrists and ophthalmologists, for their clinical practice and research. Future research should focus on this interface to give it its well-deserved attention.

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The Interface Between Psychiatry and Ophthalmology

Cited by 2 publications

References 29 publications

Dry Eye Disease in Patients With Schizophrenia: A Case-Control Study

Dry Eye Disease in Patients With Schizophrenia: A Case-Control Study

Psychiatric aspects of ophthalmic disorders: A narrative review

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