The interdiffusion in copper-nickel alloys

Wierzba, Bartek�; Skibiński, Wojciech

doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.06.085

Cited by 35 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The line analysis clearly shows how, starting from the SiO2 fiber and moving horizontally from left to right, one can find only Cu, for about the first 30 microns, until the appearance of what has been identified as the KV area (about 5–10 microns wide); then there is a Cu–Ni alloy interdiffusion zone (about 35 microns wide) with a high concentration of Cu, excluding a few microns near the only-Ni zone, that is, at the right side of the image. Figure 6 also shows that KVs are located in the Cu layer, as already demonstrated in [22,23].…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 77%

Critical Issues of Double-Metal Layer Coating on FBG for Applications at High Temperatures

Lupi

Felli

Dell’Era

et al. 2019

Sensors

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Use of fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) to monitor high temperature (HT) applications is of great interest to the research community. Standard commercial FBGs can operate up to 600 ∘ C. For applications beyond that value, specific processing of the FBGs must be adopted to allow the grating not to deteriorate. The most common technique used to process FBGs for HT applications is the regeneration procedure (RP), which typically extends their use up to 1000 ∘ C. RP involves a long-term annealing of the FBGs, to be done at a temperature ranging from 550 to 950 ∘ C. As at that temperature, the original coating of the FBGs would burn out, they shall stay uncoated, and their brittleness is a serious concern to deal with. Depositing a metal coating on the FBGs prior to process them for RP offers an effective solution to provide them with the necessary mechanical strengthening. In this paper, a procedure to provide the FBG with a bimetallic coating made by copper and nickel electrodeposition (ED) is proposed, discussing issues related to the coating morphology, adherence to the fiber, and effects on the grating spectral response. To define the processing parameters of the proposed procedure, production tests were performed on dummy samples which were used for destructive SEM–EDS analysis. As a critical step, the proposed procedure was shown to necessitate a heat treatment after the nickel ED, to remove the absorbed hydrogen. The spectral response of the FBG samples was monitored along the various steps of the proposed procedure and, as a final proof test for adherence stability of the bimetallic coating, along a heating/cooling cycle from room temperature to 1010 ∘ C. The results suggest that, given the emergence of Kirkendall voids at the copper–nickel interface, occurring at the highest temperatures (700–1010 ∘ C), the bimetallic layer could be employed as FBG coating up to 700 ∘ C.

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 77%

Critical Issues of Double-Metal Layer Coating on FBG for Applications at High Temperatures

Lupi

Felli

Dell’Era

et al. 2019

Sensors

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“…It is common that the diffusion coefficient is a function of concentration at a constant temperature. 40 According to previous report, 41 the increase of Al content resulted in the decrease of the average strength of Ti-Si and Ti-Al bonds in Ti 3 Al 1−x Si x C 2 solid solution. It implies that the diffusion of Si and Al became difficult due to stronger bonds of Ti-Si and Ti-Al with increasing Si content.…”

Section: Results Of B-m Methodsmentioning

confidence: 84%

Determination of interdiffusion coefficients of Si and Al in Ti₃SiC₂–Ti₃AlC₂ diffusion couple at 1373‐1673 K

et al. 2019

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In the diffusion couple of Ti3SiC2 and Ti3AlC2, only interdiffusion of Si and Al occurred during diffusion treatment process. Based on the concentration profiles of Si and Al measured by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), the interdiffusion coefficients of Si and Al at 1373‐1673 K in Ti3SiC2–Ti3AlC2 diffusion couple were determined by both the Boltzmann‐Matano (B‐M) method and the Saucer‐Freise (S‐F) method. At the position of Matano plane with the composition of Ti3Al0.5Si0.5C2, the interdiffusion coefficient could be expressed as Dint (m2/s) = 5.6 × 10−4⋅exp [−246 ± 14 (kJ/mol)/RT]. Based on the two methods, the calculated interdiffusion coefficients increased with increasing temperature, and the magnitudes of their absolute values were on the order of 10–13‐10–11 m2/s at 1373‐1673 K. At 1373‐1573 K, the calculated interdiffusion coefficients decreased monotonously with the increase of Si concentration, that is, xSi/(xAl + xSi). But at 1673 K, the variation trend of interdiffusion coefficients with xSi/(xAl + xSi) was no longer monotonous, probably due to the presence of Ti5Si3 phase and voids on Ti3AlC2 side.

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“…As a rule, the voiding should be suppressed since it leads to failure of final parts, e.g., microelectronic circuits. [25,26] The voids are generated from the beginning of the diffusion process at the original interface between the a/ b interface, and during the diffusion process, they grow and move with the extremum of diffusion flux of the most mobile component toward the b-Ti side. The diffusion process in b-Ti can be observed; the measured element concentrations change with the measuring distance in b-Ti.…”

Section: A General Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The relaxation of vacancy subsystem can proceed by the vacancies merging into voids. [23][24][25] Despite the fact that voiding does not occur during the diffusion process through a/b interfaces in two-phase titanium alloys, such phenomenon was observed and analyzed in the article for the diffusion pair of dissimilar alloys. Most articles on the diffusion process through interface concern the couples composed of different elements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most articles on the diffusion process through interface concern the couples composed of different elements. [21,22,[25][26][27][28] Diffusional interaction between titanium alloys is usually analyzed from the aspect of diffusion bonding (DB) technology of the same alloys [29] or dissimilar ones. [30][31][32][33] Since the two-phase a + b titanium alloys were widely studied at high temperature and described, [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] almost no work deals with the diffusion process between the two phases of Ti, namely, a-Ti and b-Ti.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of the Interface Between α and β Titanium Alloys in the Diffusion Couple

Motyka

Nowak

Wierzba

et al. 2020

Metall Mater Trans A

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The aim of the research was to investigate the microstructural changes caused by diffusion through interface between α and β titanium solid solutions. For this purpose, a diffusion couple composed of two single-phase titanium alloys—α type commercially pure (CP) titanium Grade 2 and near-β Ti-15V-3Al-3Cr-3Sn—was made by annealing at a temperature of 850 °C in an inert atmosphere. The performed heat treatment caused partial diffusion bonding (DB) where the α/β-interface was clearly visible. Based on the results of microscopic (light microscope (LM), scanning electron microscope/electron backscatter diffraction (SEM/EBSD), and transmission electron microscope (TEM)) examination, a significant microstructure evolution of near-β alloy in the region near the interface (diffusion-affected zone) was revealed. It was found that needlelike phases were formed both in α and β solid solutions. Moreover, in the near-β titanium alloy, pores aligned in the Frenkel plane were found. The latter finding indicated that the diffusion of alloying elements of near-β alloy is the most probable reason for the observed microstructural changes. Additionally, the “grooving” phenomenon at the α/β interface was found and it was correlated with faster diffusion through grain boundaries, rather than volume diffusion. Finally, the pore size was measured and numerically modeled. The calculated values were in good agreement with the experimental ones.

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The interdiffusion in copper-nickel alloys

Cited by 35 publications

References 15 publications

Critical Issues of Double-Metal Layer Coating on FBG for Applications at High Temperatures

Critical Issues of Double-Metal Layer Coating on FBG for Applications at High Temperatures

Determination of interdiffusion coefficients of Si and Al in Ti₃SiC₂–Ti₃AlC₂ diffusion couple at 1373‐1673 K

Characterization of the Interface Between α and β Titanium Alloys in the Diffusion Couple

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The interdiffusion in copper-nickel alloys

Cited by 35 publications

References 15 publications

Critical Issues of Double-Metal Layer Coating on FBG for Applications at High Temperatures

Critical Issues of Double-Metal Layer Coating on FBG for Applications at High Temperatures

Determination of interdiffusion coefficients of Si and Al in Ti3SiC2–Ti3AlC2 diffusion couple at 1373‐1673 K

Characterization of the Interface Between α and β Titanium Alloys in the Diffusion Couple

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Determination of interdiffusion coefficients of Si and Al in Ti₃SiC₂–Ti₃AlC₂ diffusion couple at 1373‐1673 K