Bacillus Anthracis and Anthrax 2010
DOI: 10.1002/9780470891193.ch10
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The Interactions betweenBacillus anthracisand Macrophages

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Cited by 4 publications
(6 citation statements)
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References 184 publications
(244 reference statements)
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“…Therefore, in view of the results reported above, the ability of the htrA mutated strain to propagate in phagocytic cells was addressed in the J774.1 murine‐macrophage infection assay. This assay monitors the expansion of the bacteria (by viable counting) and lysis of the macrophages [which may be quantified by release into the medium of the intracellular enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)] following internalization of spores (Welkos et al ., 2011). Typically, B. anthracis bacilli can be detected in the supernatant of infected J774.1 cells 4 h post infection (multiplicity of infection 1:5), concomitant with the onset of macrophage lysis.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Therefore, in view of the results reported above, the ability of the htrA mutated strain to propagate in phagocytic cells was addressed in the J774.1 murine‐macrophage infection assay. This assay monitors the expansion of the bacteria (by viable counting) and lysis of the macrophages [which may be quantified by release into the medium of the intracellular enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)] following internalization of spores (Welkos et al ., 2011). Typically, B. anthracis bacilli can be detected in the supernatant of infected J774.1 cells 4 h post infection (multiplicity of infection 1:5), concomitant with the onset of macrophage lysis.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The interaction of B. anthracis spores with phagocytic cells is critical in anthrax pathogenesis representing the initial step of infection, required for germination of the spores into toxin producing bacilli and systemic dissemination of the bacteria (for a recent review, see Welkos et al ., 2011). Furthermore, the intra‐macrophage milieu exerts severe environmental insults, in particular oxidative stress, upon invading micro‐organisms, representing a primary antibacterial sentinel mechanism.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It is generally recognized that in vitro assays of pathogen growth and survival in macrophages are in all likelihood suboptimal models of host infection and not necessarily predictive of in vivo differences in strain virulence [ 32 , 80 , 92 , 93 ]. It is certainly true that no relatively simple in vitro system can model the complex processes involved in pathogenesis.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This work employed one strain, K96243, and derivatives of it; although the findings do not inform those of the present study, they exemplify the application of specific macrophage phenotype as a potential in vitro biomarker for infection. Macrophage modeling has been used in studies with Burkholderia , as well as other pathogens (e.g., Yersinia pestis , Yersinia pseudotuberculosis , Francisella tularensis , and Bacillus anthracis ); to probe potential mechanisms of pathogenesis and host responses, such as putative roles in infection of specific bacterial-associated mechanisms and virulence factors [ 29 32 , 79 87 , 89 , 92 96 ]. Macrophage models have been essential in efforts to better understand the roles of the type III and type VI secretion systems (T3SS and T6SS) in the pathogenesis of disease, the mechanisms associated with specific factors encoded by these systems (facilitating intracellular survival, replication, movement, and spread to other cells), and the cellular responses employed by the host to contain these pathogens.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The role of HtrA BA in promoting tolerance to various stress stimuli, similar to that observed in a variety of Gram-positive and negative bacteria (Skórko-Glonek et al, 2013; Backert et al, 2018) may represent the basis for the dramatic virulence-attenuation of the htrA disrupted bacteria, reflecting the inability of the mutated cells to cope with stress conditions encountered in the host. Of note, resilience to oxidative stress in the course of infection is considered to represent an important feature of pathogenic bacteria in general, and B. anthracis in particular (Welkos et al, 2011).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%