The Interactions among Air Freight, GDP, Energy Usage and Ecological Footprint: An Empirical Investigation from Turkey

Abstract

The major aim of this manuscript is to examine the long-run relationship between air freight, economic growth, energy usage and ecological footprint by employing Multivariate Regression (MR), FMOLS (Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares), DOLS (Dynamic Ordinary Least Square), CCR (Canonical Co-integrating Regression), and Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) analysis for Turkey from 1970 to 2018 within the sense of EKC hypothesis. According to Multivariate Regression (MR) result of Turkey, air freight, economic growth, and energy usage influence the ecological footprint from 1970 to 2018. Besides, the long-term linkage of variables including air freight, economic growth, energy usage and ecological footprint is indicated through FMOLS, DOLS, CCR and GMM analysis which is verified the EKC hypothesis for Turkey. Thus, all-time series analysis of this paper confirms that air freight, economic growth, and energy usage cause environmental pollution between 1970 and 2018 for Turkey. When the empirical results are considered the Environmental Management System has not yet been established at airports open to international traffic. However, in order to meet the standards expected by international aviation authorities, it is necessary to develop practices in this regard at airports in Turkey. Today, when environmental pollution has reached serious dimensions, airport operators, local people and every unit of the aviation industry will go to produce solutions and take precautions together. With the Environmental Management System to be established within the airport, which is accepted as indispensable businesses in terms of social and economic aspects for the environment; it will be able to achieve sustainable development by increasing their performance in the new period. The use of renewable energy sources at airports will contribute to the process. Financial incentives should be provided to airline companies that are willing to invest in line with these targets, and tax exemptions should be introduced for such investments. Although it does not seem possible in the near future, it is important for the future sustainability of the sector to carry out studies on electric air transportation.

The Relationship between Trade Liberalization, Sea Freight, and Carbon-Dioxide Emissions within the Perspective of EKC: The Case of Mexico

“…Besides, the relationship between energy consumption, economic growth, and environment pollution are taken into consideration as well in order to perform the EKC hypothesis. Some of these studies investigate the environmental degradation, economic growth, and energy consumption, through testing the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis in the academic literature (Acaravci and Ozturk, 2010;Bese and Kalayci, 2021;Bahadir, 2022a;Bahadir, 2022b;Dursun, 2022a;Dursun, 2022b;Kalayci, 2021;Kalayci and Yazici, 2016;Ozkan et al, 2019;Ozturk and Acaravci, 2010;Ozturk and Acaravci, 2013;Ozturk, et al, 2016;Ozturk, et al, 2021;Sarigul and Apak, 2022;Tarazkar, et al, 2021). If it is taken into account the both trade liberalization, sea transportation as independent variables and carbon-dioxide emissions as dependent variable in terms of testing the EKC hypothesis for Mexico, there is no study by employing three variables together in the academic literature.…”