The Interaction of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ (PPARγ) Pro12Ala Polymorphism and Dietary Fat Intake among Turkish Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: A Cross Sectional Study

Abstract

Background: The metabolic syndrome is a complex disorder which occurs as a result of the interaction between genetic and environmental factors. The interaction between the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) Pro12Ala polymorphism and dietary fats has been proposed to act in the pathogenesis of syndrome. This study aimed to verify whether dietary nutrient intake interacts with the PPARγ Pro12Ala polymorphism to modulate the features of the syndrome. Methods: A total of 150 patients with metabolic syndrome participated. All subjects underwent a clinical, anthropometrical, biochemical and nutritional assessment and analysis of Pro12Ala polymorphism of PPARγ genotype. Results: The polymorphism was detected in 14% of the sample (1.3% AlaAla homozygote and 12.7% AlaPro heterozygote). Biochemical indicators of lipid profile, glucose and liver function did not differ significantly with PPARγ genotype (p>0.05). Amongst the anthropometrical measurements, only lean body mass was significantly different with PPARγ genotype (p=0.032). There was no evidence that the association of either individual macronutrients (carbohydrates, protein, fat) or type of fatty acids (saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated) with metabolic syndrome were modified by PPARγ Pro12Ala genotype (p>0.05 for all). Conclusions: The results suggest that PPARγ Pro12Ala polymorphism cannot modulate the association between dietary fat intake and components of the metabolic syndrome.

A personalised diet approach study: Interaction between PPAR‐γ Pro12Ala and dietary insulin indices on metabolic markers in diabetic patients

“…Previous research has also found different associations between dietary fatty acid intake and BMI, insulin sensitivity, risk of diabetes and lipid profile according to PPAR‐γ Pro12Ala genotype 79 . The first study to report a gene–diet interaction with PPAR‐γ Pro12Ala polymorphism suggested that Ala‐allele carriers who ingest SFAs are more susceptible to the metabolic syndrome than Pro homozygotes 80 . Some studies have also suggested an association between low dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids consumption and higher BMI in Ala‐allele carriers compared to Pro homozygotes, but, when the dietary ratio is high, the converse occurs: Ala‐allele carriers who consume SFAs are more prone to metabolic syndrome than Pro homozygotes 81,82 .…”

“…79 The first study to report a gene-diet interaction with PPAR-γ Pro12Ala polymorphism suggested that Ala-allele carriers who ingest SFAs are more susceptible to the metabolic syndrome than Pro homozygotes. 80 Some studies have also suggested an association between low dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids consumption and higher BMI in Ala-allele carriers compared to Pro homozygotes, but, when the dietary ratio is high, the converse occurs: Ala-allele carriers who consume SFAs are more prone to metabolic syndrome than Pro homozygotes. 81,82 It is unclear whether foods and/or these dietary patterns serve as PPAR ligands or whether they act directly in glucose metabolism pathways that are more evident when PPAR activity is low.…”