THE INTERACTION OF ETHANOL AND $Δ
            <sup>9</sup>
            ‐TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL IN MAN EFFECTS ON PERCEPTUAL, COGNITIVE AND MOTOR FUNCTIONS

Chesher, G. B.; Franks, H. M.; Hensley, V. R.; Hensley, W.J.; Jackson, David M.; Starmer, G. A.; Teo, R. K. C.

doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1976.tb134448.x

Cited by 39 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…The ethanol doses of 0.1 and 0.2g/kg produced peak BAC levels of 0.02 and 0.04% at 10min, respectively, and this was not different in the conditions when participants were pretreated with THC. This lack of effect of THC on BAC is in agreement with several studies (Belgrave et al, 1979; Bird et al, 1980; Chait and Perry, 1994; Hansteen et al, 1976; Manno et al, 1971; Perez-Reyes et al, 1988) but not consistent with others which found that smoked cannabis can potentiate BAC (Adams et al, 1978; Chesher et al, 1976). …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…In at least one study, ethanol increased plasma levels of THC after smoked cannabis (Lukas and Orozco, 2001), providing some evidence for a pharmacokinetic interaction. Additionally, two studies found that smoked cannabis increased blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) (Adams et al, 1978; Chesher et al, 1976), although other studies did not see this effect (Belgrave et al, 1979; Bird et al, 1980; Chait and Perry, 1994; Hansteen et al, 1976; Manno et al, 1971; Perez-Reyes et al, 1988). Pharmacodynamically, ethanol and THC act on some of the same neurotransmitter systems, such as the mesolimbic dopamine pathway (Boileau et al, 2003; Di Chiara and Imperato, 1988; Diana et al, 1998; Gessa et al, 1998; Tanda et al, 1997; Weiss et al, 1993).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Combined effects of acute, very-low-dose ethanol and delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy human volunteers

Ballard

Wit

2011

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior

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Rationale-Previous studies examining the combined effects of ethanol and cannabis, or its primary psychoactive ingredient, Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), have provided mixed results. Data from an in vitro study suggests that combined, sub-threshold doses of these drugs may interact to produce synergistic effects. Very low doses of the two drugs in combination have not been tested in humans.Materials and Methods-This study assessed whether combinations of acute, very-low doses of ethanol and THC produce synergistic effects on subjective, cognitive, and physiological measures. Healthy volunteers (n=11) received capsules containing placebo or THC (2.5mg), and beverages containing placebo or ethanol (0.1 and 0.2g/kg) alone, and in combination, across separate sessions, in a within-subjects, randomized, double-blind design. During each session, participants completed measures of working memory, psychomotor ability, and simple reaction time, and provided subjective mood and drug effect ratings. Cardiovascular measures were obtained at regular intervals.Results-As intended, when administered alone, these very-low doses of ethanol and THC had only moderate effects on isolated measures. The combined effects of these drugs were not synergistic, and in some cases appeared to be less-than-additive.Conclusions-Our data provide no evidence for synergistic effects of acute combinations of very-low-dose ethanol and THC on subjective or physiologic response, or on cognitive performance.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined effects of acute, very-low-dose ethanol and delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy human volunteers

Ballard

Wit

2011

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior

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“…Available studies indicate the most common form of simultaneous drug use involves alcohol and marijuana (Collins et al, 1998; Earleywine and Newcomb, 1997; Martin et al, 1996; Midanik et al, 2007; SAMHSA, 2009). Consequences of simultaneous alcohol and marijuana (SAM) use include additive effects on a variety of cognitive, perceptual and motor functions, with clearly increased risk for behaviors such as driving (Belgrave et al, 1979; Chesher et al, 1976, 1977; Kelly et al, 2004; Lamers and Ramaekers, 2001; Ramaekers et al, 2000; Robbe, 1998). SAM use has been significantly and positively associated with social consequences, alcohol dependence and depression, binge drinking, and other health problems (Brière et al, 2011; Martin et al, 1996; Midanik et al, 2007; SAMHSA 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous alcohol and marijuana use among US high school seniors from 1976 to 2011: Trends, reasons, and situations

Terry‐McElrath

O’Malley

Johnston

2013

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

121

139

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Background Simultaneous alcohol and marijuana (SAM) use raises significant concern due to the potential for additive or interactive psychopharmacological effects. However, no nationally representative studies are available that document prevalence, trends, or related factors in US youth SAM use. Methods Nationally representative cross-sectional samples of 12th grade students surveyed in the Monitoring the Future project from 1976 to 2011 provided data on SAM use. Analyses were conducted in 2012. Results In 2011, 23% of all US high school seniors reported any SAM use. Among seniors reporting any past 12-month marijuana use, 62% reported any SAM use and 13% reported SAM use most or every time they used marijuana. SAM use consistently followed trends for past 30-day alcohol use over time. SAM use showed significant variation by psychosocial and demographic characteristics and was strongly associated with higher substance use levels, but occurred across the substance use spectrum. Certain reasons for alcohol or marijuana use (to increase effects of another drug; I’m hooked) and situations of alcohol or marijuana use (park/beach, car, party) were strongly associated with SAM use. Conclusions A sizable proportion of US high school seniors reported SAM use, and it appeared to occur frequently in social use situations that could impact both the public as well as youth drug users. SAM use appears to be a complex behavior that is incidental to general substance use patterns as well as associated with (a) specific simultaneous reasons (or expectancies), and (b) heavy substance use and perceived dependence, especially on alcohol.

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“…Among THC users, the drug combination was reported to have an ‘antagonistic’ effect, with the combination ameliorating the effect of THC alone at certain dose combinations. The results of subsequent studies have been equivocal with evidence of additive effects when EtOH is combined with low doses of THC [16] but no additive effect when EtOH was combined with higher doses of THC [17, 18]. Inconsistencies also characterize more recent studies of driving performance where the combination of THC and EtOH produced greater impairment than either drug alone [19, 20] on measures of psychomotor performance and simulated driving performance (e.g., speed, lane position, steering deviation) but not on measures of body sway, brake latency, and other driving related performance measures (e.g., speed, steering and headway maintenance [21, 22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of ethanol, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, or their combination on object recognition memory and object preference in adolescent and adult male rats

Swartzwelder

Risher

Abdelwahab

et al. 2012

Neuroscience Letters

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Recent advances have been made in our understanding of the deleterious effects of both ethanol and THC on adolescent behavior and brain development. However, very little is known about the combined effects of EtOH+THC during adolescence, a time in which these drugs are often used together.. The purpose of this experiment was to: 1) determine whether EtOH and/or THC induced greater working memory impairment in adolescent than adult male rats using the novel object recognition (NOR) task; and, 2) determine whether the EtOH+THC combination would produce a more potent additive effect in adolescents than adults when compared to these drugs alone. NOR was performed with a 24 hour delay under each of the four drug conditions: vehicle; 1.5g/kg ethanol; 1.0mg/kg THC; and 1.5g/kg EtOH+1.0mg/kg THC, at 72 hour intervals. The results show that there was an age effect on working memory in NOR after the EtOH+THC challenge. Specifically, adolescent animals showed a preference for the familiar object whereas adults showed no preference for the novel or familiar object, the latter being characteristic of a classic working memory deficit. These effects were not dependent on changes in exploration across session, global activity across drug condition, or total object exploration. These novel findings clearly indicate that further understanding of this age-drug interaction is crucial to elucidating the influence that adolescent EtOH+THC use may have on repeated drug use and abuse later in life.

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THE INTERACTION OF ETHANOL AND $Δ ⁹ ‐TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL IN MAN EFFECTS ON PERCEPTUAL, COGNITIVE AND MOTOR FUNCTIONS

Cited by 39 publications

References 10 publications

Combined effects of acute, very-low-dose ethanol and delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy human volunteers

Combined effects of acute, very-low-dose ethanol and delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy human volunteers

Simultaneous alcohol and marijuana use among US high school seniors from 1976 to 2011: Trends, reasons, and situations

Effects of ethanol, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, or their combination on object recognition memory and object preference in adolescent and adult male rats

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THE INTERACTION OF ETHANOL AND $Δ 9 ‐TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL IN MAN EFFECTS ON PERCEPTUAL, COGNITIVE AND MOTOR FUNCTIONS

Cited by 39 publications

References 10 publications

Combined effects of acute, very-low-dose ethanol and delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy human volunteers

Combined effects of acute, very-low-dose ethanol and delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy human volunteers

Simultaneous alcohol and marijuana use among US high school seniors from 1976 to 2011: Trends, reasons, and situations

Effects of ethanol, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, or their combination on object recognition memory and object preference in adolescent and adult male rats

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

THE INTERACTION OF ETHANOL AND $Δ ⁹ ‐TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL IN MAN EFFECTS ON PERCEPTUAL, COGNITIVE AND MOTOR FUNCTIONS