The Interaction of Aging and Endurance Exercise Upon the Mitochondrial Function of Skeletal Muscle

Farrar, Roger P.; Martin, Thomas P.; Ardies, C. M.

doi:10.1093/geronj/36.6.642

Cited by 46 publications

(21 citation statements)

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“…Endurance training has been shown to increase the activity of several mitochon drial enzymes in old rats [2,5,33]. The find ings of the present study that both CS and MDH activities increased with training in the 27-month-old rats were consistent with the consensus that the benefits of exercise training on skeletal muscle oxidative capac ity are not limited by old age.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Effect of Exercise Training on Antioxidant and Metabolic Functions in Senescent Rat Skeletal Muscle

Thomas³

1991

Gerontology

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Aging is known to be associated with alterations of both oxidative capacity and antioxidant status in skeletal muscle. In the present investigation we compared the activity of enzymes involved in both metabolic functions and antioxidant defense capacity in young adult (5 months old) and senescent (27.5 months old) Fischer 344 rats. In addition, we studied the effects of chronic exercise training on these enzymes in the senescent skeletal muscle. Old sedentary rats had significantly lower glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity (––22%, p < 0.05) in the deep portion of vastus lateralis muscle (DVL) than young sedentary rats, but after a progressive 10-week treadmill training program GPX activity in DVL was significantly increased in old rats to a level higher than that seen in young sedentary rats. Superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in the DVL were not altered significantly with aging or by training. Glutathione S-transferase activity in the same muscle was elevated (p < 0.05) with aging but unaffected by training. Citrate synthase and malate dehydrogenase activities in the DVL muscle were significantly decreased in senescence, whereas training increased these two enzyme activities by 71 and 48%, respectively (both p < 0.05). Lactate dehydrogenase activity in the same muscle decreased with age but increased 23% (p < 0.05) in old rats. These data indicate that while aging may significantly affect antioxidant and metabolic capacities in skeletal muscle, regular exercise can preserve functions of these enzyme systems at old age.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Effect of Exercise Training on Antioxidant and Metabolic Functions in Senescent Rat Skeletal Muscle

Thomas³

1991

Gerontology

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“…Whereas both state 4 and state 3 respiration were significantly elevated in the IMF subfraction from young animals, mitochondria from muscle of old animals did not adapt to chronic contractile activity. Farrar et al [51] have previously shown that state 3 mitochondrial respiration was increased in SS and IMF subfractions isolated from young and old animals after a period of chronic muscle use. Notably, the training-induced increase in mitochondrial respiration was similar, or greater in the organelles isolated from the aged muscle.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular basis for an attenuated mitochondrial adaptive plasticity in aged skeletal muscle

Ljubicic

Joseph²,

Adhihetty³

et al. 2009

Aging

112

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Our intent was to investigate the mechanisms driving the adaptive potential of subsarcolemmal (SS) and intermyofibrillar (IMF) mitochondria in young (6 mo) and senescent (36 mo) animals in response to a potent stimulus for organelle biogenesis. We employed chronic electrical stimulation (10 Hz, 3 h/day, 7 days) to induce contractile activity of skeletal muscle in 6 and 36 mo F344XBN rats. Subsequent to chronic activity, acute stimulation (1 Hz, 5 min) in situ revealed greater fatigue resistance in both age groups. However, the improvement in endurance was significantly greater in the young, compared to the old animals. Chronic muscle use also augmented SS and IMF mitochondrial volume to a greater extent in young muscle. The molecular basis for the diminished organelle expansion in aged muscle was due, in part, to the collective attenuation of the chronic stimulation-evoked increase in regulatory proteins involved in mediating mitochondrial protein import and biogenesis. Furthermore, adaptations in mitochondrial function were also blunted in old animals. However, chronic contractile activity evoked greater reductions in mitochondrially-mediated proapoptotic signaling in aged muscle. Thus, mitochondrial plasticity is retained in aged animals, however the magnitude of the changes are less compared to young animals due to attenuated molecular processes regulating organelle biogenesis.

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“…Chiu and Richardson (31) have suggested that reports of discrepancies are the consequence of comparing mitochondria isolated from different organisms or different tissues from the same organism, or organisms of different age, or use of different substrates employed in the bioenergetic measurements. A survey of the literature suggests that with increasing age there is a decrease in the number of mitochondria per cell (32,33). Also age-related decreases in the activity of many mitochondrial enzymes (33)(34)(35), most notably those involved in translocation, have been reported (23,(36)(37)(38).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of docosahexaenoic acid on mouse mitochondrial membrane properties

Stillwell

Jenski

Crump

et al. 1997

Lipids

114

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Long-chain polyunsaturated (n-3) fatty acids have been proposed to be involved in a wide variety of biological activities. In this study, mitochondrial docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels were increased by either dietary manipulation or by fusing the mitochondria with phospholipid vesicles made from 1-stearoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (18:0/22:6 PC). The fused mitochondria exhibited a DHA-induced decrease in respiratory control index (RCI) and membrane potential and an increase in proton movement. The modified mitochondria also demonstrated an increase in fluidity (as detected by 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene anisotropy) and changes in membrane structure detected by the fluorescence probes MC540 and pyrene decanoate. Proton movement in lipid vesicles made from mitochondrial lipid extracts was shown to be enhanced by incorporated 18:0/22:6 PC. Mitochondria were isolated from young (5-mon) and old (24-mon) mice which were maintained on either a diet rich in saturated fats (hydrogenated coconut oil) or rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fats (menhaden oil). Mitochondrial bioenergetic function was followed by RCI, state 3 respiration, ATP level, and phosphate uptake. In addition, lipid composition, phospholipid area/molecule and extent of lipid peroxidation were also determined. Decreases in RCI for the menhaden oil diet-modified mitochondria paralleled those in which DHA levels were enhanced by fusion with phospholipid vesicles. RCI reductions are attributed to DHA-induced increases in H+ movement, producing diminished mitochondrial membrane potentials. One purpose of this project was to determine if the deleterious effects of aging on mitochondrial bioenergetic function could be reversed by addition of n-3 fatty acids. The experiments reported here indicate that incorporation of long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids into mitochondrial membranes does not appear likely to reverse the effects of age on mitochondrial function.

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The Interaction of Aging and Endurance Exercise Upon the Mitochondrial Function of Skeletal Muscle

Cited by 46 publications

References 0 publications

Effect of Exercise Training on Antioxidant and Metabolic Functions in Senescent Rat Skeletal Muscle

Effect of Exercise Training on Antioxidant and Metabolic Functions in Senescent Rat Skeletal Muscle

Molecular basis for an attenuated mitochondrial adaptive plasticity in aged skeletal muscle

Effect of docosahexaenoic acid on mouse mitochondrial membrane properties

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