The interaction effect of aerobic exercise and vitamin D supplementation on inflammatory factors, anti-inflammatory proteins, and lung function in male smokers: a randomized controlled trial

Abstract

Background This study aimed to investigate the interaction effect of aerobic exercise and vitamin D supplementation on inflammation (TNF-α, IL-6, CC16, SP-D, and CC16/SP-D ratio) and lung function (FEV1, FVC, and FEV1/FVC ratio) in male smokers. Methods After applying inclusion criteria, a total of 40 healthy male smokers were recruited in this study. The participants were randomly divided into four groups as follows: Aerobic Exercise + vitamin D Supplementation (AE + VitD, n = 10), Aerobic Exercise (AE, n = 10), vitamin D Supplementation (VitD, n = 10), and Control (C, n = 10). The participants in the AE + VitD and AE groups performed aerobic exercise training (running) up to 50% of the maximum heart rate, three times a week for four weeks. Participants in AE + VitD and VitD groups received 6000 IU/w vitamin D3 for four weeks. The participants in control group did not receive any intervention. Serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, Clara cell protein (CC16), surfactant protein (SP)-D, CC16/SP-D ratio, and lung function (FEV1, FVC, and FEV1/FVC ratio) were measured before and after four weeks of intervention. Results Serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and CC16 decreased significantly in AE + VitD, VitD, and AE groups after four weeks (P < 0.05). Serum SP-D level decreased significantly only in the AE + VitD group (P = 0.011). In addition, FEV1 and FVC increased significantly (P < 0.05) in AE + VitD and AE groups after four weeks of intervention. However, the interventions did not have a significant effect on CC16/SP-D ratio and FEV1/FVC ratio (P > 0.05). Furthermore, serum levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D increased significantly in AE + VitD and VitD groups (P < 0.05) after four weeks of intervention. However, except for TNF-α, between-group comparisons showed no significant differences in levels of IL-6, CC16, SP-D, CC16/SP-D ratio, FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (P > 0.05). Conclusions The results of present study were that aerobic exercise combined with vitamin D supplementation can reduce serum inflammatory factors and anti-inflammatory proteins and improve lung function after four weeks of intervention. Further trials with larger sample size and longer duration are suggested to confirm these results. Trial registration Retrospectively registered. IRCT20180513039637N4. Registration date: 2020/10/20. URL: https://www.irct.ir/search/result?query=IRCT20180513039637N4

Effects of the Training of Aerobic Function on Clinical Symptoms and Quality of Life in Patients with Medium and Advanced Lung Cancer

“…Inclusion criteria are as follows: (1) The patients met the diagnostic criteria for medium and advanced lung cancer in Chinese Medical Association Guidelines for Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Lung Cancer (2018 edition) [ 11 ] and were diagnosed as lung cancer by pathological and imaging examination. (2) The patients possessed cognitive and communication ability.…”

Vitamin D3 alleviates cigarette smoke extract‑mediated epithelial‑mesenchymal transition and fibrogenesis by upregulating CC16 expression in bronchial epithelial cells

“…A previous study found that combining aerobic exercise with vitamin D3 supplementation can upregulate the levels of serum CC16 in patients with lung injury caused by smoking ( 71 ). However, the specific mechanism was not elucidated ( 71 ).…”

“…A previous study found that combining aerobic exercise with vitamin D3 supplementation can upregulate the levels of serum CC16 in patients with lung injury caused by smoking ( 71 ). However, the specific mechanism was not elucidated ( 71 ). Compared with the findings reported by Mathyssen et al ( 26 ), this previous study found no clear association between vitamin D3 supplementation and the degree of EMT of bronchial epithelial cells ( 71 ).…”

“…However, the specific mechanism was not elucidated ( 71 ). Compared with the findings reported by Mathyssen et al ( 26 ), this previous study found no clear association between vitamin D3 supplementation and the degree of EMT of bronchial epithelial cells ( 71 ). In the present study, EMT and fibrogenesis was induced in 16-HBE cells following exposure to CSE, which were alleviated by vitamin D3 in a dose-dependent manner.…”

Decreased inflammatory gene expression accompanies the improvement of liver enzyme and lipid profile following aerobic training and vitamin D supplementation in T2DM patients

“…It is thought that AT, as a mechanical stimulus, may play a key role in modifying endothelial activity and the expression of a variety of proteins, particularly those involved in local inflammation (e.g., Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-10 (IL-10), Cluster of Differentiation 27 (CD27), Chemokine (C-X-C motif) Ligand 13 (CXCL13). Studies investigating the effects of AT on inflammation in T2DM models are inconsistent [ 5 , 6 ] and limited to serum level analyses [ 7 , 8 ] or animal studies [ 9 , 10 ].…”