The Interacting Effects of Cognitive Demand and Recovery of Postural Stability in Balance-Impaired Elderly Persons

Brauer, Sandra; Woollacott, Marjorie H.; Shumway-Cook, Anne

doi:10.1093/gerona/56.8.m489

Cited by 214 publications

(147 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Time to recover balance was calculated as the time for COP velocity in the anteroposterior (vCOP AP ) and mediolateral (vCOP ML ) directions to return to within 2 standard deviations (SD) of that prior to movement (average vCOP 100-400 ms before shoulder movement), and remain below that velocity for 150 ms [11,18]. Participants were allowed 1.5 s to achieve this, and if "unsuccessful", a default value of 1.5 s (i.e.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Balance recovery is compromised and trunk muscle activity is increased in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

2016

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Please cite this article as: Smith MD, Chang AT, Hodges PW, Balance recovery is compromised and trunk muscle activity is increased in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Gait and Posture (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost. 2015.09.004 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Abdominal muscle EMG was similar between groups, but controls had greater ES EMG during arm movements. Individuals with more severe COPD had greater OE and RA EMG both before and during arm movement compared to those with less severe COPD and controls. Following exercise, OE and ES EMG increased in people with less severe COPD.This study shows that severe COPD is associated with impaired ability to recover balance and greater trunk muscle activity during postural challenges. Augmented trunk muscle activity may limit the contribution of trunk movements to balance recovery and could contribute to increased falls risk.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Balance recovery is compromised and trunk muscle activity is increased in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

2016

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“…Again, the logic of these studies is to demonstrate a growing interdependence between cognitive and sensorimotor domains in old age, with the expectation that an attentional or cognitive load should disproportionately hinder the balance or locomotor performance of older adults compared to young. Research from the fields of kinesiology and rehabilitation medicine has adopted the dual-task paradigm from cognitive psychology to examine how specific aspects of walking [16] and balance control [13,14,59] are compromised by the addition of a cognitive load [23]. For example, Brown et al recently [14] tested balance recovery by measuring center of mass before and after perturbations on a moving platform.…”

Section: Experimental Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The impact of attentional load also appears to depend on the type of concurrent cognitive task used, however. For example, Brauer et al [13] compared young, healthy older, and balance-impaired older adults on a postural recovery task performed concurrently with a verbal reaction time to tones task. Only the balance-impaired older adults showed significant effects of divided attention in terms of balance recovery times and verbal reaction times, while the healthy young and older groups performed comparably under full and divided attention conditions.…”

Section: Experimental Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

Relations between aging sensory/sensorimotor and cognitive functions

Li¹,

Lindenberger²

2002

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

393

264

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Recent evidence is reviewed to examine relations among sensory, sensorimotor, and cognitive aging. Age-heterogeneous cross-sectional data sets show substantial covariation among sensory, sensorimotor and intellectual abilities, and an increase in covariation from adulthood to old and very old age. Recent longitudinal analyses suggest that changes in sensory and intellectual functioning are interrelated. Experimental studies investigate the interdependence between cognitive and sensory/sensorimotor aging by examining the effects of simulated sensory loss on cognitive performance, or the effects of cognitive load manipulations on sensory or motor performance. Generally, both types of manipulations hinder older adults' performance more than that of younger adults. Theoretically, the age-associated intensification of the links among sensory, sensorimotor and cognitive functions observed both correlationally and experimentally may point to (a) common causes influencing all three functions; (b) an increase in resource overlap, cross-domain resource competition, and compensatory tradeoffs; and (c) a combination of the two. Future research aiming at discerning the relative import of these possibilities would profit from an integration of experimental and correlational research strategies. q 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. In this paper, we review evidence for the hypothesized increase of covariation or interdependence between sensory/sensorimotor and cognitive abilities with advancing age. It is well documented that sensory and sensorimotor abilities decline in the course of normative aging [54,57]. As well, extensive coverage of the normative age-related differences, changes, and continuities in cognitive and intellectual abilities is widely available [10,21]. Rather than reviewing these bodies of literature, we will focus selectively on empirical and theoretical work that has addressed the linkages between these domains with respect to adult development. The relevant evidence can be divided into two broad segments: (a) correlational evidence using crosssectional and longitudinal analyses, and (b) experimental evidence of an increased interdependence between domains. The final portion of our review will be devoted to discussing possible theoretical accounts of the documented relationships. Correlations between sensory, sensorimotor, and cognitive abilitiesObserved relationships between intellectual and sensory functioning have been discussed at length in the past several decades [12,54]. More recently, lifespan developmentalist Paul Baltes proposed that whereas before and during middle adulthood, interindividual variability in cognitive status is driven largely by cultural and environmental factors, in late life, variability might be increasingly constrained by biologically-based factors [7]. Subsequent to this proposal, several large-scale cross-sectional and longitudinal studies have examined the age-related changes in relationship between intellectual and sensory/sensorimotor abilities [3 -6,...

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“…Although there are several balance tests available [9][10][11], most examination tools are limited to measuring mechanical stability and cannot quantify functional mobility due to subjective judgment by the examiner. For example, one study investigated postural stability which was assessed and quantified by the Berg Balance test and vertical force measures [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A kinematic analysis of relative stability of the lower extremities between subjects with and without chronic low back pain

Song²,

Lee³

et al. 2011

Eur Spine J

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Even though a number of studies have evaluated postural adjustments based on kinematic changes in subjects with low back pain (LBP), kinematic stability has not been examined for abnormal postural responses during the one leg standing test. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relative kinematic stability of the lower extremities and standing duration in subjects with and without chronic LBP. In total, 54 subjects enrolled in the study, including 28 subjects without LBP and 26 subjects with LBP. The average age of the subjects was 37.8 ± 12.6 years and ranged from 19 to 63 years. The outcome measures included normalized holding duration and relative kinematic stability. All participants were asked to maintain the test position without visual input (standing on one leg with his/her eyes closed and with the contra lateral hip flexed 90°) for 25 s. The age variable was used as a covariate to control confounding effects for the data analyses. The control group demonstrated significantly longer holding duration times (T = -2.78, p = 0.007) than the LBP group (24.6 ± 4.2 s vs. 20.5 ± 6.7 s). For the relative kinematic stability, there was a difference in dominance side (F = 9.91, p = 0.003). There was a group interaction between side and lower extremities (F = 11.79, p = 0.001) as well as an interaction between age and dominance side (F = 7.91, p = 0.007). The relative kinematic stability had a moderate negative relationship with age (r = -0.60, p = 0.007) in subjects without LBP. Clinicians need to understand the effects of age and relative stability, which decreased significantly in the single leg holding test, in subjects with LBP in order to develop effective rehabilitation strategies.

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The Interacting Effects of Cognitive Demand and Recovery of Postural Stability in Balance-Impaired Elderly Persons

Cited by 214 publications

References 17 publications

Balance recovery is compromised and trunk muscle activity is increased in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Balance recovery is compromised and trunk muscle activity is increased in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Relations between aging sensory/sensorimotor and cognitive functions

A kinematic analysis of relative stability of the lower extremities between subjects with and without chronic low back pain

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