“…In Hechter's understanding, the model demonstrates not convergence of the core and the periphery through the diffusion of industrialization, urbanization and public services provided by the state from the former to the latter, but rather increasing political domination of the periphery by the core, matched by economic exploitation (Jackson, 1978, p. 527), and socio-cultural marginalization. Any theoretical concept is open to challenge, but although Internal Colonialism was later criticized for being too general a framework to allow for measurability, it was widely applied by scholars in Latin America, the U.S. and Europe to describe the ethnic and social situation in their own countries, as well as that of South Africa, Israel, Thailand and the Soviet Union (Benlagha & Hemrit, 2018;Cervantes, 1975;Chigisheva, Soltovets, & Bondarenko, 2017;Mettam & William, 1998;Page, 1978;Simon, 1981).…”