The intense 2007–2009 drought in the Fertile Crescent: Impacts and associated atmospheric circulation

Trigo, Ricardo M.; Gouveia, Célia M.; Barriopedro, David

doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.05.006

Cited by 135 publications

(119 citation statements)

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“…In this case, a reference period of 15 y was used based on the available record of MODIS. Reference periods of between 10-15 y are not uncommon in satellite-based drought assessments due to the limited availability of longer time series (Singh et al 2003, Vicente-Serrano 2007, Rhee et al 2010, Trigo et al 2010). …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This has been referred to as socioeconomic drought (Wilhite andBuchanan-Smith 2005, Eklund andSeaquist 2015). As the most severe drought "in the instrumental record" (Kelley et al 2015), the 2007-2009 meteorological drought in the Fertile Crescent has caused crop failures in Iraq and Syria, which has led to the erosion of livelihoods in the region (Trigo et al 2010, UNDP 2010, Kelley et al 2015. The severity of this drought has been attributed to the long-term drying trend that is an effect of anthropogenic climate change (Kelley et al 2015, Cook et al 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Differences in resource management affects drought vulnerability across the borders between Iraq, Syria, and Turkey

Eklund¹,

Thompson²

2017

E&S

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ABSTRACT. Much discussion has taken place exploring a potential connection between the 2007-2009 Fertile Crescent drought and Syria's uprising-turned civil war beginning in 2011. This study takes an integrated perspective on the 2007-2009 drought in the border region of Iraq, Syria, and Turkey by looking at the meteorological, agricultural, and socioeconomic aspects of drought vulnerability. Satellite-based precipitation and vegetation data help outline the drought's spatial and temporal properties. In order to understand the context in which this drought happened, we also look at the trends in vegetation productivity between 2001 and 2015, as well as each country's different politico-economic factors affecting land and water resource management leading up to the drought. The findings show that, although the drought was severe in Syria, it was not the only country affected, nor necessarily the worst hit meteorologically. The agricultural drought lasted 2 yr in most affected areas on the Iraqi and Syrian sides, however, only 1 yr in the affected areas on the Turkish side. The vegetation trend analysis shows a striking difference between the Syrian and Turkish sides of the border. Turkey experienced a general improvement in land productivity between 2001 and 2015, whereas Iraq and Syria show a generally negative productivity trend. The fact that the decline in rainfall had different effects on crops in each of the three countries highlights the role government and private sector resource management and infrastructure play in reducing drought vulnerability. The findings of this study highlight the need for an integrated approach to research that investigates the interconnection between climate and conflict.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in resource management affects drought vulnerability across the borders between Iraq, Syria, and Turkey

Eklund¹,

Thompson²

2017

E&S

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“…Santos et al, 2007;Trigo et al, 2010;Li et al, 2010). A more generally applicable typology of hydrological drought is needed, both for process understanding of drought propagation and for improvement of drought forecasting and management.…”

Section: A F Van Loon and H A J Van Lanen: Hydrological Drought mentioning

confidence: 99%

A process-based typology of hydrological drought

Loon

Lanen

2012

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

318

270

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Abstract. Hydrological drought events have very different causes and effects. Classifying these events into distinct types can be useful for both science and management. We propose a hydrological drought typology that is based on governing drought propagation processes derived from catchment-scale drought analysis. In this typology six hydrological drought types are distinguished,warm snow season drought, and (vi) composite drought. The processes underlying these drought types are the result of the interplay of temperature and precipitation at catchment scale in different seasons. As a test case, about 125 groundwater droughts and 210 discharge droughts in five contrasting headwater catchments in Europe have been classified. The most common drought type in all catchments was the classical rainfall deficit drought (almost 50 % of all events), but in the selected catchments these were mostly minor events. If only the five most severe drought events of each catchment are considered, a shift towards more rain-to-snow-season droughts, warm snow season droughts, and composite droughts was found. The occurrence of hydrological drought types is determined by climate and catchment characteristics. The drought typology is transferable to other catchments, including outside Europe, because it is generic and based upon processes that occur around the world. A general framework is proposed to identify drought type occurrence in relation to climate and catchment characteristics.

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“…Wheat yield in this region is generally constrained by low and unpredictable seasonal rainfall, as well as by higher temperatures towards the end of the crop cycle. There is a marked climate heterogeneity between zones and years (Xoplaki et al 2004;Nicault et al 2008), with periodic episodes of severe drought (Trigo et al 2010), and the consequent risk of desertification (Greco et al 2005). In many areas, the rainy season is mostly concentrated between November and March (Trigo et al 2010), while in others most rain falls during the early spring, thus resulting in moderate stress around anthesis for rainfed wheat.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The climate of the zone of origin of Mediterranean durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) landraces affects their agronomic performance

Royo

Nazco

Villegas

2014

Genet Resour Crop Evol

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The genetic diversity of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) is held by landraces, which are generally considered to be endemic to a particular region to which they are well adapted. To evaluate the effect of climate in the countries of origin on their agronomic performance, 172 durum wheat landraces from 21 Mediterranean countries were grown in northeastern Spain. Average long-term climatic data of the main wheat-growing areas in each country of origin allowed us to identify four climatic zones in the Mediterranean Basin, steadily varying from warm and dry to cool and wet. The phenology, biomass, and yield of landraces were affected by the climatic zone of origin. The climatic zone accounted for 32.8, 28.3 and 14.5 % of variance for days to anthesis, plant height, and grain filling rate, respectively. The number of days to heading and anthesis steadily increased when moving from the warmest and driest zone of origin to the coldest and wettest one. Landraces collected in the warmest and driest zone had a smaller biomass, a lower chlorophyll content in the flag leaf, more fertile tillers, spikes and grains m -2 , a lower grain filling rate, lighter grains, and lower yields than those originated in colder and wetter zones. Landraces collected in countries with high solar radiation showed a shorter cycle until anthesis and smaller height and biomass accumulation, while higher temperatures after anthesis resulted in more tillers and spikes. Landraces from countries with high potential evapotranspiration during grain filling had significantly lower grain filling rates and grain weight.

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The intense 2007–2009 drought in the Fertile Crescent: Impacts and associated atmospheric circulation

Cited by 135 publications

References 46 publications

Differences in resource management affects drought vulnerability across the borders between Iraq, Syria, and Turkey

Differences in resource management affects drought vulnerability across the borders between Iraq, Syria, and Turkey

A process-based typology of hydrological drought

The climate of the zone of origin of Mediterranean durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) landraces affects their agronomic performance

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