The integration of training and off-training activities substantially alters training volume and load analysis in elite rowers

Treff, Gunnar; Leppich, Robert; Winkert, Kay; Steinacker, Jürgen M.; Mayer, Benjamin; Sperlich, Billy

doi:10.1038/s41598-021-96569-0

Cited by 16 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(33 reference statements)

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“…For example, in particular during the Ardennes Classics, the cyclists might perform some domestic duties when they are at home on training days in‐between 1‐day classic races. In line with this, research among elite rowers 31 and academy football players 32 also shows considerable off‐training activities for some individuals. However, no definitive conclusion regarding the cause of the higher PAL‐value can be made as non‐exercise activities were not directly registered.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Determination of energy expenditure in professional cyclists using power data: Validation against doubly labeled water

Hooren

Cox

Rietjens

et al. 2022

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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Introduction Accurate determination of total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) in athletes is important for optimal performance and injury prevention, but current approaches are insufficiently accurate. We therefore developed an approach to determine TDEE in professional cyclists based on power data, basal metabolic rate (BMR), and a non‐exercise physical activity level (PAL) value, and compared energy expenditure (EE) between multi‐day and single‐day races. Methods Twenty‐one male professional cyclists participated. We measured: (1) BMR, (2) the relationship between power output and EE during an incremental cycling test, which was used to determine EE during exercise (EEE), and (3) TDEE using doubly labeled water (DLW). A non‐exercise PAL‐value was obtained by subtracting EEE from TDEE and dividing this by BMR. Results Measured BMR was 7.9 ± 0.8 MJ/day, which was significantly higher than predicted by the Oxford equations. A new BMR equation for elite endurance athletes was therefore developed. Mean TDEE was 31.7 ± 2.8 and 27.3 ± 2.8 MJ/day during the Vuelta a España and Ardennes classics, while EEE was 17.4 ± 1.8 and 10.1 ± 1.4 MJ/day, respectively. Non‐exercise PAL‐values were 1.8 and 2.0 for the Vuelta and Ardennes classics, respectively, which is substantially higher than currently used generic PAL‐values. Conclusion We show that the proposed approach leads to a more accurate estimation of non‐exercise EE than the use of a generic PAL‐value in combination with BMR predictive equations developed for non‐elite athletes, with the latter underestimating non‐exercise EE by ~28%. The proposed approach may therefore improve nutritional strategies in professional cyclists.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Determination of energy expenditure in professional cyclists using power data: Validation against doubly labeled water

Hooren

Cox

Rietjens

et al. 2022

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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“…The rowers were instructed to maintain an average power output as close as possible for each stage [ 1 ]. The test was automatically ended if a rower failed to increase the mechanical power output within a 7 W range of five strokes [ 44 ]. Peak power output (PPO) was defined as the highest stage the subject successfully completed.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological and Mechanical Responses to a Graded Exercise Test in Traditional Rowing

Penichet-Tomás

Jiménez-Olmedo

Pueo

et al. 2023

IJERPH

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Maximum oxygen consumption and maximum power output are critical measures for training prescription in endurance sports such as rowing. The objective of this investigation was twofold: to compare the physiological and mechanical responses of female and male traditional rowers during a graded exercise test and to establish reference values in this specific rowing modality that have not yet been documented, unlike in Olympic rowing. Twenty-one highly trained/national level rowers participated in the study: 11 female (age: 30.1 ± 10.6 years, height: 167.3 ± 5.0 cm, body mass: 61.9 ± 4.9 kg) and 10 males (age: 33.5 ± 6.6 years, height: 180.8 ± 6.9 cm, body mass: 74.4 ± 6.9 kg). Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found in rowing performance between sexes, with a very large effect size (d = 7.2). The peak power output for the female rowers was 180.9 ± 11.4 W and 287.0 ± 17.7 W for the male rowers. The female rowers reached a VO2max of 51.2 ± 6.6 mL/kg/min at a mean of 174.5 ± 12.9 W, while the males’ VO2max was 62.1 ± 4.7 mL/kg/min at a mean of 280.0 ± 20.5 W. These differences in VO2max and maximal aerobic capacity were significant (p < 0.05), with a large (d = 1.9) and very large (d = 6.2) effect size, respectively. A moderate association between VO2max, and rowing performance expressed in watts per kilogram of muscle mass was observed in the female rowers (r = 0.40, p = 0.228). For the male rowers, the correlation between VO2max and relative peak power output in watts per kilogram of body mass was strong (r = 0.68; p = 0.031). This study highlights the differences in the kinetics of ventilatory and mechanical parameters between female and male rowers and the importance of these differences for specific physical preparation in traditional rowing.

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“…Given the abundance of data and metrics available to coaches and athletes, there is increased interest in physiological forecasting, or predicting outcomes or performances based on an array of variables that may be collected using wearable technology and other means. These technologies may be able to quantify stress and recovery outside of the training period to improve quantification of training load [137]. It seems clear that HRV alone is not linearly predictive of performance, as it has been observed that HRV may diminish slightly during the peaking phase [13].…”

Section: Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Practices and Applications of Heart Rate Variability Monitoring in Endurance Athletes

2022

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Heart rate variability reflects fluctuations in the changes in consecutive heartbeats, providing insight into cardiac autonomic function and overall physiological state. Endurance athletes typically demonstrate better cardiac autonomic function than non-athletes, with lower resting heart rates and greater variability. The availability and use of heart rate variability metrics has increased in the broader population and may be particularly useful to endurance athletes. The purpose of this review is to characterize current practices and applications of heart rate variability analysis in endurance athletes. Important considerations for heart rate variability analysis will be discussed, including analysis techniques, monitoring tools, the importance of stationarity of data, body position, timing and duration of the recording window, average heart rate, and sex and age differences. Key factors affecting resting heart rate variability will be discussed, including exercise intensity, duration, modality, overall training load, and lifestyle factors. Training applications will be explored, including heart rate variability-guided training and the identification and monitoring of maladaptive states such as overtraining. Lastly, we will examine some alternative uses of heart rate variability, including during exercise, post-exercise, and for physiological forecasting and predicting performance.

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The integration of training and off-training activities substantially alters training volume and load analysis in elite rowers

Cited by 16 publications

References 25 publications

Determination of energy expenditure in professional cyclists using power data: Validation against doubly labeled water

Determination of energy expenditure in professional cyclists using power data: Validation against doubly labeled water

Physiological and Mechanical Responses to a Graded Exercise Test in Traditional Rowing

Practices and Applications of Heart Rate Variability Monitoring in Endurance Athletes

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