The integration of disparity, shading and motion parallax cues for depth perception in humans and monkeys

Schiller, Peter H.; Slocum, Warren M.; Jao, Brian; Weiner, Veronica S.

doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2011.01.003

Cited by 18 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 43 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The latency differences between paired and single presentations were significant beyond the 0.005 level. These findings are in agreement with previous work we have reported showing that in normal subjects when three depth cues, disparity, parallax and shading are presented in various combinations, the combined presentation of all three cues yields significantly faster reaction times than the presentation of single or paired cues [24]. That reaction times are faster when both disparity and motion parallax cues are presented than when these cues are shown singly, has been established in our previously published studies carried out in normal human and monkey subjects, indicating that the brain can advantageously integrate these cues [23,24].…”

Section: Stereopsis and Motion Parallax Testssupporting

confidence: 93%

“…The use of randomdot stereograms, as developed by Julesz [27], is outstanding for this purpose as it can isolate cues to selectively activate mechanisms that process only disparity or only motion parallax [28]. We have published several papers studying normal humans as well as monkeys using this stereopsis and motion parallax test [23,24,26,29].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Depth Perception, Binocular Integration and Hand-Eye Coordination in Intact and Stereo Impaired Human Subjects

Schiller

Kendall²,

Kwak³

et al. 2012

J Clinic Experiment Ophthalmol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The prime aim of the research on which we report here was to create a comprehensive battery of tests that can reliably assess depth perception based on stereopsis and motion parallax, hand-eye coordination and binocular integration in normal, stereo deficient and stereoblind subjects. The portion of this battery that examines stereopsis and motion parallax has been extensively tested in both monkeys and humans as reported in our previous publications [23,24]. None of the individual clinical tests presently in use studies all of these capacities [24]. The clinical tests that presently assess stereoscopic depth perception use several different methods which include the use of stereoscopes, color filters and polarizers to present displays separately to the two eyes and auto stereograms as detailed in the

show abstract

Section: Stereopsis and Motion Parallax Testssupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depth Perception, Binocular Integration and Hand-Eye Coordination in Intact and Stereo Impaired Human Subjects

Schiller

Kendall²,

Kwak³

et al. 2012

J Clinic Experiment Ophthalmol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…1 In other studies on combining disparity and shading, it has been shown that reliability improves as more information is provided, but judgments do not necessarily become more accurate (Vuong, Domini et al, 2006). Judgments of depth may also be achieved more quickly when shading and disparity are combined (Schiller, Slocum et al, 2011;Zhang, Weiner et al, 2007). Mingolla and Todd (1986) found that observers underestimated surface curvature in non-stereo displays compared with stereo viewing.…”

Section: Combining Disparity and Shading For Depth Perceptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal integration of shading and binocular disparity for depth perception

2012

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We explore the relative utility of shape from shading and binocular disparity for depth perception. Ray-traced images either featured a smooth surface illuminated from above (shading-only) or were defined by small dots (disparity-only). Observers judged which of a pair of smoothly curved convex objects had most depth. The shading cue was around half as reliable as the rich disparity information for depth discrimination. Shading- and disparity-defined cues where combined by placing dots in the stimulus image, superimposed upon the shaded surface, resulting in veridical shading and binocular disparity. Independently varying the depth delivered by each channel allowed creation of conflicting disparity-defined and shading-defined depth. We manipulated the reliability of the disparity information by adding disparity noise. As noise levels in the disparity channel were increased, perceived depths and variances shifted toward those of the now more reliable shading cue. Several different models of cue combination were applied to the data. Perceived depths and variances were well predicted by a classic maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) model of cue integration, for all but one observer. We discuss the extent to which MLE is the most parsimonious model to account for observer performance.

show abstract

“…Finally, Zhang et al (2007), using an oddity task, have provided evidence that monkeys can also perceive 3D shape from shading, although performance was poorer in monkeys than in humans. Thus the available evidence suggests macaque monkeys process 3D shape, particularly from motion or disparity, and combine cues (Schiller et al 2011) in ways similar to humans. Disparity + texture (n = 56)…”

Section: Perception Of 3d Shapementioning

confidence: 99%

The Extraction of 3D Shape in the Visual System of Human and Nonhuman Primates

Orban

2011

Annu. Rev. Neurosci.

119

102

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Depth structure, the third dimension of object shape, is extracted from disparity, motion, texture, and shading in the optic array. Gradient-selective neurons play a key role in this process. Such neurons occur in CIP, AIP, TEs, and F5 (for first- or second-order disparity gradients), in MT/V5, in FST (for speed gradients), and in CIP and TEs (for texture gradients). Most of these regions are activated during magnetic resonance scanning in alert monkeys by comparing 3D conditions with the 2D controls for the different cues. Similarities in activation patterns of monkeys and humans tested with identical paradigms suggest that like gradient-selective neurons are found in corresponding human cortical areas. This view gains credence as the homologies between such areas become more evident. Furthermore, 3D shape-processing networks are similar in the two species, with the exception of the greater involvement of human posterior parietal cortex in the extraction of 3D shape from motion. Thus we can begin to understand how depth structure is extracted from motion, disparity, and texture in the primate brain, but the extraction of depth structure from shading and that of wire-like objects requires further scrutiny.

show abstract

The integration of disparity, shading and motion parallax cues for depth perception in humans and monkeys

Cited by 18 publications

References 43 publications

Depth Perception, Binocular Integration and Hand-Eye Coordination in Intact and Stereo Impaired Human Subjects

Depth Perception, Binocular Integration and Hand-Eye Coordination in Intact and Stereo Impaired Human Subjects

Optimal integration of shading and binocular disparity for depth perception

The Extraction of 3D Shape in the Visual System of Human and Nonhuman Primates

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About