The integration of chemical and biological control of the spotted alfalfa aphid: The integrated control concept

Smith, Ray F.; Bosch, Robert van den; Hagen, K. S.

doi:10.3733/hilg.v29n02p081

Cited by 1,183 publications

(550 citation statements)

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“…The trend in the United States toward reduced refuge size and reduced compliance of growers in planting a refuge may diminish any potential IRM beneÞts of entomopathogens or other factors that magnify Þtness costs (EPA 2009, Jaffe 2009). A central tenet of IPM is applying multiple methods to reduce pest populations (Stern et al 1959). Bolstering IRM through the use of Þtness costs requires sound IPM including a sufÞcient refuge coupled with IPM strategies such as host-plant resistance and biological control that will both suppress pests and magnify Þtness costs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Four Nematode Species on Fitness Costs of Pink Bollworm Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Toxin Cry1Ac

et al. 2010

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Evolution of resistance by pests can reduce the efficacy of transgenic crops that produce insecticidal toxins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt). In conjunction with refuges of non-Bt host plants, fitness costs can delay the evolution of resistance. Furthermore, fitness costs often vary with ecological conditions, suggesting that agricultural landscapes can be manipulated to magnify fitness costs and thereby prolong the efficacy of Bt crops. In the current study, we tested the effects of four species of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) on the magnitude and dominance of fitness costs of resistance to Bt toxin CrylAc in pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). For more than a decade, field populations of pink bollworm in the United States have remained susceptible to Bt cotton Gossypium hirsutum L. producing CrylAc; however, we used laboratory strains that had a mixture of susceptible and resistant individuals. In laboratory experiments, dominant fitness costs were imposed by the nematodeSteinernema riobrave Cabanillas, Poinar, and Raulston but no fitness costs were imposed bySteinernema carpocapsae Weiser, Steinernema sp. (ML18 strain), or Heterorhabditis sonorensis Stock, Rivera-Orduño, and Flores-Lara. In computer simulations, evolution of resistance to CrylAc by pink bollworm was substantially delayed by treating some non-Bt cotton refuge fields with nematodes that imposed a dominant fitness cost, similar to the cost observed in laboratory experiments with S. riobrave. Based on the results here and in related studies, we conclude that entomopathogenic nematodes could bolster insect resistance management, but the success of this approach will depend on selecting the appropriate species of nematode and environment, as fitness costs were magnified by only two of five species evaluated and also depended on environmental factors. RightsWorks produced by employees of the U.S. Government as part of their official duties are not copyrighted within the U.S. The content of this document is not copyrighted. ABSTRACT Evolution of resistance by pests can reduce the efÞcacy of transgenic crops that produce insecticidal toxins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt). In conjunction with refuges of non-Bt host plants, Þtness costs can delay the evolution of resistance. Furthermore, Þtness costs often vary with ecological conditions, suggesting that agricultural landscapes can be manipulated to magnify Þtness costs and thereby prolong the efÞcacy of Bt crops. In the current study, we tested the effects of four species of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) on the magnitude and dominance of Þtness costs of resistance to Bt toxin Cry1Ac in pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). For more than a decade, Þeld populations of pink bollworm in the United States have remained susceptible to Bt cotton Gossypium hirsutum L. producing Cry1Ac; however,...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Four Nematode Species on Fitness Costs of Pink Bollworm Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Toxin Cry1Ac

et al. 2010

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“…The definitional debate and confusion that has existed since the seminal work by Stern et al (1959) is ironic given the conceptual simplicity of the original model. To calculate an economic threshold a practitioner needs to first estimate the economic injury level (EIL).…”

Section: Defining the Economic Thresholdmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The economic injury level is the pest population density that will result in economic damage. Stern et al (1959) defined economic damage as the point at which the "amount of injury justifies the cost of artificial control measures". The economic threshold is the pest population density at which control measures should be adopted to prevent an increasing pest population reaching the EIL.…”

Section: Defining the Economic Thresholdmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In particular, the work of Headley (1972), and subsequent modifications by Hall and Norgaard (1973) present a definition that is substantially different to the original concept defined by Stern et al (1959).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The concept of linking the pest population to a treatment decision was first formalised by Stern, et al (1959). A key to the popularity of the original concept has been the combination of practicality and simplicity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Alternative specifications and extensions of the economic threshold concept and the control of livestock pests

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Pesticides

Leng

2005

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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A pesticide is any substance or mixture of substances used to control living organisms that cause damage or economic loss, or transmit or produce disease, including such animals as insects or mice, unwanted plants, microorganisms such as those causing plant diseases, or viruses. Early pesticides were simple, often toxic inorganic compounds having a broad spectrum of activity, and often applied indiscriminately at high rates. Newer crop protection agents are generally complex organic chemicals, which may bind to a specific enzyme receptor. Some commercial pesticides are biological agents. Pesticide use in the United States include herbicides (the largest sector), insecticides, fungicides, and others, including household disinfectants, repellents, rodenticides, etc. All pesticides produced and used in the United States must be reviewed and registered by the U.S. EPA. Extensive studies on chemistry, residues in treated food commodities, environmental fate, and toxicity to laboratory animals and wildlife, to demonstrate that proposed uses do not cause undue harm to humans or the environment, are required. The use of genetically modified microorganisms as pesticides and their impact is discussed. Problems for the agrochemical industry and for government regulators include the lack of harmonization of study requirements in developed countries, and public perception that pesticides are not adequately tested and are inherently harmful.

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The integration of chemical and biological control of the spotted alfalfa aphid: The integrated control concept

Cited by 1,183 publications

References 54 publications

Effects of Four Nematode Species on Fitness Costs of Pink Bollworm Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Toxin Cry1Ac

Effects of Four Nematode Species on Fitness Costs of Pink Bollworm Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Toxin Cry1Ac

Alternative specifications and extensions of the economic threshold concept and the control of livestock pests

Pesticides

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