The Integrated Constructed Wetlands (ICW) concept

Abstract

Wireless sensor networks have become incredibly popular due to the Internet of Things' (IoT) rapid development. IoT routing is the basis for the efficient operation of the perception-layer network. As a popular type of machine learning, reinforcement learning techniques have gained significant attention due to their successful application in the field of network communication. In the traditional Routing Protocol for lowpower and Lossy Networks (RPL) protocol, to solve the fairness of control message transmission between IoT terminals, a fair broadcast suppression mechanism, or Drizzle algorithm, is usually used, but the Drizzle algorithm cannot allocate priority. Moreover, the Drizzle algorithm keeps changing its redundant constant k value but never converges to the optimal value of k. To address this problem, this paper uses a combination based on reinforcement learning (RL) and trickle timer. This paper proposes an RL Intelligent Adaptive Trickle-Timer Algorithm (RLATT) for routing optimization of the IoT awareness layer. RLATT has triple-optimized the trickle timer algorithm. To verify the algorithm's effectiveness, the simulation is carried out on Contiki operating system and compared with the standard trickling timer and Drizzle algorithm. Experiments show that the proposed algorithm performs better in terms of packet delivery ratio (PDR), power consumption, network convergence time, and total control cost ratio.

Application of constructed wetland for urban lake water purification: Trial of Xing-qing Lake in Xi’an city, China

“…This recalls the state of the art concept of integrated constructed wetland (ICW) reported by Scholz et al [19] , Harrington and McInnes [20] and Harrington and…”

“…[21] Moreover, the incorporation of wetlands into the landscape enhances biodiversity. [19,20] Clearly, the ICW is a very important concept for the application of treatment wetland in urban area including urban lakes.…”

Constructed wetlands for environmental pollution control: A review of developments, research and practice in Ireland

“…While it is appreciated that most of the systems are still relatively young and data may be insufficient, it is well noted that such modelling approaches cannot be done without, in line with current trends. Scholz et al, (2007) have however successfully applied the self-organizing Kohonen map as a novel modelling approach to some CWs data in Ireland with great success.…”

“…Twelve of the CWs treat farm effluent while one treats municipal wastewater. Scholz et al, (2007) reports that the principal design criteria leading to adequate effluent water quality (i.e., molybdate reactive phosphorus less than 1 mg/l) from the ICWs are that the wetland area needs to be sized by a factor of at least 1.3 times the farmyard area and the aspect ratio for the individual wetland segments needs to be less than 1:2.2 (width to length). It was further reported that within a year of the ICW commissioning, approximately 75% of farmyard runoff was intercepted, leading to improvements in the receiving surface waters of the catchment.…”

Preface: Wetland services and management

“…Steffenhagen et al (2012) demonstrate the important role of aquatic macrophytes for nutrient cycling in degraded, rewetted fens in Germany, suggesting that such vegetation can be used to accelerate the restoration of wetlands by facilitating low nutrient status. The concept of Integrated Constructed Wetlands (ICW) has attracted attention in recent years (Scholz et al, 2007) as it describes wetland systems that potentially provide multiple service benefits, including water cleansing, biodiversity enhancement, carbon storage and amenity. Two studies seek to develop the concept in this special issue.…”