The Institutional Sustainability in Protected Area Tourism—Case Studies of Jiuzhaigou National Scenic Area, China and New Forest National Park, United Kingdom

Abstract

approach is used to explore the 'fourth component' of sustainable tourism development that is institutional sustainability. Primary data from in-depth interviews, together with a range of secondary data sources, are analysed to understand the governance and management of each area. These reveal that whilst each area is committed to sustainable development their approaches differ because of the political, economic and socio-cultural contexts. The implications for policy and practice are then discussed.

Trade‐offs between sustainable tourism development goals: An analysis of Tibet (China)

“…In response to this, it is possible to establish different objective functions under the different priorities of economic, environmental and social goals, as well as the same constraint functions. Despite the close relationship between economic growth and environmental protection, as indicated by Day and Cai () and Xu et al (), economic growth is often at conflict with environmental protection and vice versa in the process of STD, especially in developing regions. Therefore, for the purposes of our study, we set the scenarios of “economy first means environment last,” and “environment first means economy last.” Under the scenario pertaining to social priorities, we assumed that environmental goals were closer than economic goals to social goals in Tibet.…”

“…For example, tourism can be seen as beneficial, at least to some extent, in protecting the environment (Xu, Fox, Zhang, & Cheng, ). By contrast, the development of tourism is often not environmentally friendly (Day & Cai, ).…”

Study on Comprehensive Evaluation of Tourists in Forest Park Based on AVC Theory ——Take Fuzhou National Forest Park as an Example

“…的发展之间的矛盾 [1] 。因此，加强森林公园的建设，对满足人们对出行的迫切需求具有 较大意义。 AVC 即 attraction(吸引力) 、validity(生命力) 、capacity(承载力)的简称，是刘 滨谊 [2] 提出的以"三力"提升为目标的景观与旅游规划的理论和评判体系。"三力"评判体 系可以更加全面的评价对象，评价科学合理，且目标清晰，在研究旅游对象上有良好的 评价效果。由于"三力"理论拥有的优良特性使得该理论在景观评价领域得以推广。景区 规划上也深受专家学者认可 [3][4][5] ，李方 [6] 通过 AVC 理论评价青岛滨海旅游，并给出相应 的指导建议。在乡镇景观规划中也得到了广泛的推广 [7][8][9] ，王秋鸟等 [10] 采用 AVC 理论对 三岔村进行景观综合评价，有针对性的提出村庄发展方向。但现阶段将 AVC 理论用于 国家森林公园游客综合评价的研究却仍为空白。本文通过结合游客综合评价，由游客对 森林公园的各项指标进行评分，更贴合实际，更能反映出森林公园存在优劣情况，更好 的指导森林公园建设和发展。 现阶段，针对森林公园的研究主要包括对游客市场的分析 [11][12] 、森林生态旅游开发 [13][14] 、游客行为特征 [15][16] 和景观格局变迁 [17] (1)…”