The insensible loss of water of the newborn infant.

Zweymüller, E

doi:10.1136/adc.45.244.818-a

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…The evaporative heat losses amounted to about 17-20 % of the metabolic rate. These findings agree with those of Anderson (1), Levine et al (21), and Sulyok et al (31,32), but the values are a little higher than the esti mates obtained by Hey and Katz (15), and Zweymiiller and Preining (34).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Heat Losses in Newborn Infants of Different Body Size Measured by Direct Calorimetry in a Thermoneutral and a Cold Environment

Kajtár¹,

Jéquier²,

Prod’hom³

1976

Neonatology

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Small-for-date infants (less than the 10th weight percentile, group I), appropriate-for-date (between the 10th and the 90th percentile, group II), and large-for-date infants (above the 90th percentile, group III) were exposed to ambient temperatures (T_a) of 28 and 32 °C in a direct calorimeter. Total heat losses ( + Ċ + Ė) expressed per unit body surface were similar in the three groups, but when expressed per kg of body weight, ( + Ċ + Ė) were more elevated in group I than in groups II and III. At 28 °C T_a ( + Ċ + Ė) was 4.35 ± 0.15, 3.6 ± 0.1, and 3.04 ± 0.09 W/kg in groups I, II and III, respectively. Metabolic rate was higher at 28 than at 32 °C in the three groups. Heat storage (⋅) at 28 °C was negative in the three groups; at 32 °C, ⋅ was negative in group I, but thermal equilibrium was reached in groups II and III (⋅ = 0). Thermal body insulation between the three groups was not significantly different. In order to practically determine the dry heat losses of a newborn infant a cooling constant of 5.7·W·m^––²·°C ^––1 was calculated. Our results show that at low T_a, the surface-body mass ratio of small-sized infants plays a more important role in inducing a negative thermal balance, than a lack of stimulation of heat production or an inefficient thermal body insulation.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Heat Losses in Newborn Infants of Different Body Size Measured by Direct Calorimetry in a Thermoneutral and a Cold Environment

Kajtár¹,

Jéquier²,

Prod’hom³

1976

Neonatology

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“…The total insensible water loss from the skin and respiratory tract of newborn infants has been estimated by measurement of weight loss (1,2,3,4,5,6) and by using a metabolic chamber (7,8). With these methods, it is difficult to measure the water loss of very pre-term infants (9).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Transepidermal Water Loss in Full‐term and Pre‐term Infants

1983

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Sedin, G., Hammarlund, K. and Strömberg, B. (Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden). Transepidermal water loss in full‐term and pre‐term infants. Acta Paediatr Scand, Suppl. 305: 27–31, 1983.—The amount of water lost from the skin and the relation of the water loss to environmental factors, activity, body temperature, gestational age, nutritional status at birth and post‐natal age were studied in full‐term and pre‐term newborn infants. The method we used was non‐invasive and based on determination of the water vapour pressure gradient immediately above the skin surface. We found that the transepidermal water loss per unit time and area (TEWL; g/m2 h) could be calculated by using values from only three measurement sites. TEWL increased with activity and when body temperature was elevated above 37.1C. On the first day after birth TEWL in appropriate for gestational age (AGA) infants was exponentially related to gestational age, with much higher values in the most pre‐term infants than in full‐term infants. In full‐term small for gestational age (SGA) infants TEWL was significantly lower than in full‐term AGA infants. In pre‐term and full‐term AGA infants and in full‐term SGA infants we found an inverse linear relationship between ambient humidity and evaporation rate (ER; g/m2 h) from the skin. The level of ER and the slope of the relationship depended on the gestational age of the infant, with higher ER in the more pre‐term infants. Analysis of the relationship between ambient humidity and ER indicated that there is a gradual change in the permeability of the skin with gestational age. In pre‐term infants TEWL gradually decreased during the first weeks of life. In full‐term AGA infants TEWL was almost unchanged during these first weeks.

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“…Zweymuller and Preining (1) and Hey and Katz (2), using a sensitive balance, measured body weight changes to determine total water loss. They subtracted water loss through the respiratory tract, thereby obtaining a measurement of transepidermal water loss (TEWL).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skin Barrier Properties in the Newborn

et al. 1977

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Relative permeabilities of newborn and adult skin to small molecules were determined by measuring emission of carbon dioxide and water vapor through skin. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) measured on the forearm of 22 term infants was lower than that observed in 30 control adults (0.31 ± 0.09 vs. 0.39 ± 0.15 mg/cm²/h). There was no significant difference between newborn carbon dioxide emission rates (CDER) and adult CDER. When environmental temperature was raised from 74 to 80 °F, large dramatic increases in adult TEWL were observed in contrast to small increases in newborns. This phenomenon suggests diminished eccrine activity in the newborn. No correlation of TEWL or CDER with respect to birth weight, sex, age or gestational age was observed. Similar permeability to carbon dioxide in neonates and adults and a decreased TEWL in neonates compared to adults suggest that even at birth the skin functions as an efficient barrier to these molecules, penetration rates, in adults, of other polar compounds should be similar to those in neonates.

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The insensible loss of water of the newborn infant.

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

Heat Losses in Newborn Infants of Different Body Size Measured by Direct Calorimetry in a Thermoneutral and a Cold Environment

Heat Losses in Newborn Infants of Different Body Size Measured by Direct Calorimetry in a Thermoneutral and a Cold Environment

Transepidermal Water Loss in Full‐term and Pre‐term Infants

Skin Barrier Properties in the Newborn

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