The innovation imperative: technology and US–China rivalry in the twenty-first century

Economic Statecraft in the 21st Century: Implications for the Future of the Global Trade Regime

“…Our formulation of economic statecraft draws upon the literature on the economics of innovation, but expands its scope by discussing the security of the state through The grand strategy literature also acknowledges the economic aspects of national policy-making, even if much of the literature remains focused on military capabilities and objectives. Goldstein (2005), for example, describes grand strategy as 'the distinctive combination of military, political, and economic means by which a state seeks to ensure its national interests '. the framework of national innovation systems (Christensen, 1997;Kennedy and Lim, 2018;Nelson, 1993;Reppy, 2000). 4 Industrial policy, trade instruments, regulation, foreign aid, and sanctions each represent important tools to maintain the cutting edge of military technology for superpowers including the United States, China, and Russia as well as middle powers maneuvering between competing interests (Brautigam and Tang, 2012;Cai, 1999;Zhang and Keith, 2017).…”

“…Chinese policies provide a critical example of new economic statecraft as Beijing increasingly uses industrial policy to support and expand industries vital to its national defense innovation system, with civilian-military integration as a cornerstone of industrial policy (Cheung, 2008;Mansfield and Pollins, 2001). Innovation in dual use technology is a key part of Chinese security strategy, with the promotion of human capital, mandating technology transfer, and focusing domestic policy toward indigenous innovation at the forefront of its policy agenda (Kennedy and Lim, 2018).…”

A New Chinese Economic Order?

“…117 It did so through a combination of massively subsidizing domestic innovation, supporting acquisition of foreign forms and technology, and obtaining foreign technology through other means, from scouring open source materials to outright theft. 118 Building from Germany's 'Industry 4.0' project and US industry's 'Industrial Internet' initiatives, the Made in China 2025 plan aims to link big data, automated analytic tools, and wireless sensor networks with industrial equipment for 'smart manufacturing' . The plan listed 10 priority sectors-advanced information and communications technology; advanced automated machine tools and robotics; aerospace and aeronautics; high-tech shipping; rail transport; new energy vehicles; power equipment; agricultural machinery; new materials; and advanced medical devices and pharmaceuticals.…”

Assessing the deterioration in China–U.S. relations: U.S. governmental perspectives on the economic-security nexus

“…Beyond the immediate security implications for the United States, the pace of China's innovations in these new technologies also poses broader challenges to the global order. China's advances in 5G telecommunication networks mean that it is Chinese companies, scientists, and government experts who are increasingly able to set global standards governing global telecommunications, potentially at the expense of the interests of the United States or other major powers (Kennedy and Lim 2018). Moreover, China's use of AI and facial recognition technology to carry out surveillance and what it terms "social management" of its domestic population raises ethical questions for the United States and other governments about doing business with Chinese companies that have been involved in developing some of these technology platforms (Chestnut Greitens 2019).…”