The innate immune response, microenvironment proteinases, and the COVID-19 pandemic: pathophysiologic mechanisms and emerging therapeutic targets

Hollenberg, Morley D.; Epstein, Murray

doi:10.1016/j.kisu.2021.12.001

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 168 publications

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“…On the other hand, the host immune response during viral infection can be usually splitted into lytic and nonlytic elements [6], where the lytic elements kill the damaged cells, while the non-lytic elements prohibit viral replication through soluble media produced by immune cells. For example, in the case of SARS-CoV-2 infection, some authors have considered target cell models by proposing a framework with lytic and non-lytic immune responses to understand virus spread within the human body [7]. The human immune system consists of both innate and adaptive immune responses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stability characterization of a fractional-order viral system with the non-cytolytic immune assumption

Naim

Sabbar

Zeb

2022

mmnsa

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This article deals with a Caputo fractional-order viral model that incorporates the non-cytolytic immune hypothesis and the mechanism of viral replication inhibition. Firstly, we establish the existence, uniqueness, non-negativity, and boundedness of the solutions of the proposed viral model. Then, we point out that our model has the following three equilibrium points: equilibrium point without virus, equilibrium state without immune system, and equilibrium point activated by immunity with humoral feedback. By presenting two critical quantities, the asymptotic stability of all said steady points is examined. Finally, we examine the finesse of our results by highlighting the impact of fractional derivatives on the stability of the corresponding steady points.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stability characterization of a fractional-order viral system with the non-cytolytic immune assumption

Naim

Sabbar

Zeb

2022

mmnsa

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“…The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused significant morbidity and mortality, engrossing the biomedical community in efforts to understand the pathophysiology of the disease and identify the most effective therapeutic strategies [ 1 ]. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported that until April 2022, COVID-19 global deaths had reached 6.21 million.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on serum level of C-reactive protein in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

et al. 2022

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Background Omega-3 may alleviate the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by reducing the C-reactive protein (CRP) level, a marker for systemic inflammation. Because the scientific evidence indicating such a role is inconsistent, we aimed to evaluate the effect of Omega-3 on CRP change and CRP level in patients with COVID-19. Methods We conducted a comprehensive search on four databases (PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Scopus). We included all RCTs comparing Omega-3 with a control group regarding their effect on the CRP levels in patients with COVID-19. We used version two of the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool to appraise the included studies. We extracted data to an online data extraction sheet. The primary outcomes were CRP change from baseline and CRP serum levels. Results We included four randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with 274 patients in this study. The overall effect estimate favored Omega-3 over the control group in terms of CRP change from baseline (mean difference (MD) =− 2.53, 95% confidence interval (CI): − 4.40, − 0.66) and CRP serum levels at the end of the study (MD =− 6.24, 95% CI: − 11.93, − 0.54). Conclusion Omega-3 showed promising effects on systemic inflammation by reducing CRP levels in COVID-19 patients. Based on this finding, we recommend Omega-3 for COVID-19 patients for its anti-inflammatory actions.

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“…The virus that causes COVID-19 disease was called SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2). The COVID-19 pandemic has caused enormous morbidity and mortality all over the world [ 7 ]. WHO documented that COVID-19 worldwide mortality had reached 6.3 million by July 2022 [ 1 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of cancer on the severity of disease in patients affected with COVID-19: an umbrella review and meta-meta-analysis of systematic reviews and meta-analyses involving 1,064,476 participants

2022

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During the COVID-19 pandemic, cancer patients were among the most vulnerable patient groups to the SARS-CoV-2 infection effects. This paper aimed to conduct an umbrella review and meta-meta-analysis to determine the severity of disease in cancer patients affected by COVID-19. The umbrella review and meta-meta-analysis were undertaken according to the PRISMA and MOOSE guidelines. The PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched for published papers from the start of the pandemic through July 18, 2022. The pooled effect sizes (ES) and odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using a random effect model in the 95% confidence interval (CI) for ICU (Intensive Care Unit) admissions and mortality in cancer patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Egger's linear regression test, schematic illustrations of funnel plots, and Begg and Mazumdar’s rank correlation tests were used to quantify the possibility of publication bias. The pooled ES was calculated based on 1,031,783 participants, and mortality was significantly increased in cancer patients affected by COVID-19 (OR = 2.02, %95 CI: 1.74–2.35, p < 0.001). The pooled ES for ICU admission was also significantly increased in cancer patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 (OR = 1.84, %95 CI: 1.44–2.34, p < 0.001). As a result, this synthesis of systematic reviews and meta-analyses by the meta-meta-analysis method revealed that disease severity is higher in cancer patients affected by COVID-19. Since cancer patients are a more sensitive and specific patient group, they should be evaluated more carefully, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic and other pandemics that may occur in the future. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10238-022-00911-3.

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The innate immune response, microenvironment proteinases, and the COVID-19 pandemic: pathophysiologic mechanisms and emerging therapeutic targets

Cited by 12 publications

References 168 publications

Stability characterization of a fractional-order viral system with the non-cytolytic immune assumption

Stability characterization of a fractional-order viral system with the non-cytolytic immune assumption

Effect of Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on serum level of C-reactive protein in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

The impact of cancer on the severity of disease in patients affected with COVID-19: an umbrella review and meta-meta-analysis of systematic reviews and meta-analyses involving 1,064,476 participants

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