a b s t r a c tFused Hollow Cathode (FHC) with aerodynamic stabilization was used for the gas conversion processes. During the conversion of NO into NO 2 in air mixtures, the CO 2 reduction occurs, without forming gaseous CO. In these processes brownish glassy solid deposits are formed in the plasma region. The deposits were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction.Ó 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
In [1]McTaggart reported on the dissociation of CO 2 into CO and atom oxygen and also on the dissociation of CO in low power microwave carbon monoxide plasma at the moderate pressure (1-3 Torr). Orange-red layers were built up on the walls of the discharge tube and the effluent gas contained gaseous CO, CO 2 and O 2 . The suggested mechanism of the latter dissociation was described by the sequence of excitation of CO into CO ⁄ by electron impact, reaction of CO ⁄ with CO forming C 2 O + O, followed by the reaction of C 2 O with CO forming C 3 O 2 . The XPS and Auger spectra of C 3 O 2 were measured and analyzed first time at the Uppsala University by the group of Nobel laureate Kai Siegbahn [2]. Infrared spectra were reported a few years later [3].In our previous experiments the CO 2 reduction was observed both for rf and pulsed dc atmospheric pressure plasmas for special regimes during the NO x conversion [4,5]. The plasma kinetics is controlled by plasma characteristics (influenced substantially by the plasma source and its design). The NO x -air-N 2 mixtures were used, and no hydrocarbons, CO or CO 2 were added. The only CO 2 in the mixtures came from air. The conversion rate of CO 2 in the single hollow cathode plasma reactor at the average power as low as of 1 W was 40%, for the upstream concept of the Fused Hollow Cathode (FHC) reached 70%. There was neither CO nor other gaseous compounds containing carbon observed by FTIR spectroscopy in the plasma treated gas. The glassy brownish deposits were formed at the surfaces close to the plasma region.Splitting of pure CO 2 into CO and O 2 at the atmospheric pressure was reported for a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) [6] with the maximum conversion rate of 30% at the CO 2 flow of 0.05 l/min. Forming of solid products was reported for the atmospheric DBD carbon monoxide plasma [7].In this paper the first results of plasma conversion of CO 2 in the NO x -air mixtures using an atmospheric plasma source based on the Fused Hollow Cathode (FHC) concept and on analysis of solid deposits formed in the process are presented.The Fused Hollow Cathode (FHC) cold atmospheric plasma source is based on simultaneous generation of multiple hollow cathode discharges in an integrated open structure with flowing gas [8]. Its design is based on experimental results obtained with a tunable radial cathode slit system and different FHC structures [9,10]. The upstream FHC concept with aerodynamic stabilization w...