The infra-red emission spectra of the Bunsen and allied flames

Bailey, C. R.; Lih, Kun-Hou

doi:10.1039/tf9292500029

Cited by 9 publications

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“…Although it is well-known that emission offers a number of advantages over absorption measurements in the visible region of the spectrum and that a sizable fraction of the total radiation emitted from combustion flames lies in the infrared region (1)(2)(3)(4), analytical chemists have largely overlooked potential advantages of performing emission measurements with infrared radiation. Recently, however, Hudson and Busch (5) have shown that the concept of using infrared emission from a hot gaseous source such as a flame shows considerable promise as a means of detecting the presence of organic analytes in chromatographic separations.…”

Section: Literature Citedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To compare the performance of a mass flow rate detector like FIRE with a concentration-dependent detector like the thermal conductivity detector (TCD), the minimum detectable mass flow rate is divided by the carrier gas flow rate to give Cdl(mg mL-1) = 2(rms base-line noise)/RF (4) where F is the carrier gas flow rate in mL s-1 and Cdj is the lowest concentration that the detector can sense. Since the rms base-line noise observed is dependent on the amplifier time constant, it is important to specify the time constant of the system when reporting the detection limit.…”

Section: R = As/am( (1)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Flame infrared emission detector for gas chromatography

Hudson¹,

Busch²

1988

Anal. Chem.

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Section: Literature Citedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: R = As/am( (1)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame infrared emission detector for gas chromatography

Hudson¹,

Busch²

1988

Anal. Chem.

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“…Rubens and Aschkinass (1898) studied C0 2 to 20/4 and observed the absorption band (at 14*7/4) and record emission at 14*1/4, but the identity of this with the absorption is uncertain. Bailey and Lih (1929) failed to observe a band in emission in this region bht state th at this failure may be due to a thin film of collodion on their prism; Garner and Johnson (1927) also studied this region without observing any emission band and say th at the sensitivity of their instrument was such that an intensity of one fiftieth of that of the band at 4*4/4 would have been sufficient for detection.…”

Section: Infra-red Radiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The flame spectrum of carbon monoxide, II. Application to 'afterburning'

Gaydon

1941

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A

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In a previous paper it has been shown, from a study of the spectrum of the carbon monoxide flame, that the molecules of C02 formed by the combustion are initially in a highly excited state of internal vibration. An attempt is made here to derive approximate values for the lifetimes of these vibrationally activated molecules.The orders of magnitude of the radiative lifetime for the three types of vibration are derived. From data obtained from supersonic dispersion in C02 the relaxation times, or collision lifetimes, are discussed with especial emphasis on the effect of moisture on the collision-life of the activated molecules. A section is also devoted to the possibility of the close resonance between the vibrations and v2 of C02 resulting in a high percentage of dissociation after the combustion of the dry gas.The results give a good interpretation of the experiments of Gamer and colleagues on the marked effect of moisture and other catalysts on the infra-red emission of the flame, and the general failure to observe a strong emission band at 14-9/i. The results of the theory go far towards explaining the latent energy of the combustion observed by David and colleagues.The lifetime of the activated molecules is calculated to be not more than a few tenths of a second, but dissociation and recombination processes might lengthen this time. For moist gases the lifetime will be very much less, and the infra-red radiation from the flame and the latent energy of the products should similarly be much reduced, in agreement with experiment. The vibrationally activated molecules are to be regarded as essentially normal molecules of C02 in which the vibrational energy has not had time to reach equipartition with the energy in other degrees of freedom; spectroscopically there is no evidence to show that they are electronically excited or peculiar in any other way.Experiments on the absorption spectrum of a long length of burning gas show strong absorption due to hot oxygen, this being particularly marked when the gases are dry. This is interpreted as being due to transfer of the vibrational energy from the C02 to the 0 2 molecules, the absorption spectrum of which is thereby shifted to longer wave-lengths.

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“…In much of this work, ordinary combustion flames have been employed as models for exhaust gases from airborne vehicles. Plyler (6), in particular, and other (4, 7) have studied the infrared emission from a Bunsen flame over the wavelength range from 1 to 22 Mm. In the wavelength interval from 1 to 5 Mm, Plyler found that two bands predominate as a result of infrared emission from molecules of C02 and H20 (6).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another method called factor analysis (6) also deals with the conditions of no reference component spectra and no information on the concentrations. While the rotations of eigenspectra approaches (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13) are based on the physical nonnegativity criteria of the absorbance intensities and/or the amounts of components, another series of approaches terms "self modeling curve resolution" (14-17) are based on the determination of two bounding lines, between which lies a pure-component spectrum, by using the given condition that the component spectra are normalized by area and by utilizing the fact that the first eigenvector corresponding to the largest eigenvalue has nonzero elements as well as the nonnegative character of absorbances and concentrations. Originally the self-modeling curve resolution method was developed for analysis of two-component mixtures (14), but later the method was expanded for three or more components (15).…”

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Infrared emission from a flame as the basis for chromatographic detection of organic compounds

Hudson¹,

Busch²

1987

Anal. Chem.

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The feasibility of using Infrared emission from a combustion flame as a means of detection for chromatography was Investigated. Over the wavelength Interval from 1 to 5 pm, two strong emission bands were observed with a PbSe detector when organic compounds were Introduced Into an hydrogen/alr flame. The band at 4.3 µ (2326 cm-1) was due to the asymmetric stretch of carbon dioxide while the band at 2.7 µ was due to both water and carbon dioxide emission. The carbon dioxide emission at 4.3 µ was found to be most Intense at the tip of the flame and to Increase with the amount of organic compound Introduced Into the flame. For chromatographic application, an optical filter was used to Isolate the 4.3-µ emission band. The feasibility of using Infrared emission as a means of detection for liquid chromatography was demonstrated for a mixture of methanol, ethanol, and propanol. The use of Infrared emission shows promise as a means of detection for both liquid and gas chromatography.

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The infra-red emission spectra of the Bunsen and allied flames

Cited by 9 publications

References 0 publications

Flame infrared emission detector for gas chromatography

Flame infrared emission detector for gas chromatography

The flame spectrum of carbon monoxide, II. Application to 'afterburning'

Infrared emission from a flame as the basis for chromatographic detection of organic compounds

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