The ‘Influenza’ Vaccine Used during the Samoan Pandemic of 1918

Shanks, G. Dennis

doi:10.3390/tropicalmed3010017

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 28 publications

(35 reference statements)

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“…Also, the Australian military used the vaccine in Samoa. Later evaluation found that the vaccine was effective in preventing death in inoculated individuals, presumably by preventing secondary bacterial infection (National Museum of Australia, undated; Shanks, 2018).…”

Section: Public Policy Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

The 1918–20 Influenza Pandemic

Athukorala

Athukorala²

2022

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The pandemic of 1918–20-commonly known as the Spanish flu-infected over a quarter of the world's population and killed over fifty million people. It is by far the greatest humanitarian disaster caused by an infectious disease in modern history. Epidemiologists and health scientists often draw on this experience to set the plausible upper bound (the 'worst case scenario') on future pandemic mortality. The purpose of this study is to piece together and analyse the scattered multi-disciplinary literature on the pandemic in order to place debates on the evolving course of the current COVID-19 crisis in historical perspective. The analysis focuses on the changing characteristics of pathogens and disease over time, the institutional factors that shaped the global spread, the demographic and socio-economic consequences, and pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical responses to the pandemic. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

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Section: Public Policy Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

The 1918–20 Influenza Pandemic

Athukorala

Athukorala²

2022

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“…The devastating influenza pandemic of 1918–1919 that resulted in an estimated 50 million deaths occurred in an era prior to modern vaccines, antivirals, antibiotics and advanced medical care that many of us now take for granted. Whilst a crude “mixed bacterial” vaccine was administered to approximately 8% of the Australian population during the pandemic in an effort to provide protection from infection (described in detail by G.D Shanks in this Special Issue) [1], the only therapeutic option available (to a small number of infected patients) was transfusion with influenza-convalescent human sera [2]. The treatment of patients during the 1918 pandemic represented some of the earliest use of convalescent sera.…”

Section: Commentarymentioning

confidence: 99%

Antiviral Therapy for the Next Influenza Pandemic

Hurt

2019

TropicalMed

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Influenza antivirals will play a critical role in the treatment of outpatients and hospitalised patients in the next pandemic. In the past decade, a number of new influenza antivirals have been licensed for seasonal influenza, which can now be considered for inclusion into antiviral stockpiles held by the World Health Organization (WHO) and individual countries. However, data gaps remain regarding the effectiveness of new and existing antivirals in severely ill patients, and regarding which monotherapy or combinations of antivirals may yield the greatest improvement in outcomes. Regardless of the drug being used, influenza antivirals are most effective when treatment is initiated early in the course of infection, and therefore in a pandemic, effective strategies which enable rapid diagnosis and prompt delivery will yield the greatest benefits.

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“…Finally, the fact that Indigenous populations have historically been isolated means that their immunological imprinting and lifetime experience with in uenza is almost certainly important too. Indigenous populations in the USA, Canada (28), and Australia (29,30), but not New Zealand, are prioritized for both seasonal and pandemic in uenza vaccines, and would have been targeted also in 1918 if effective vaccines had been available (31). However, although being a target group for vaccination, additional reasons for the disparities may be that indigenous groups tend to have lower vaccination rates than white majority populations (19,32,33).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indigenous Groups and Influenza: Protocol For A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Alves¹,

Røgeberg²,

Mamelund³

2021

Preprint

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Background: Several studies have documented that indigenous groups have been disproportionally hit by previous pandemics, with some exceptions. The objective of this review and meta-analysis is to provide a comprehensive historical overview of pre-COVID impact of influenza on indigenous groups by combining data from the last five influenza pandemics and seasonal influenza up to date. Methods/Principle Findings: The review will include peer-reviewed original studies published in English, Spanish, Portuguese, Swedish, Danish and Norwegian. Records will be identified through systematic literature search in eight databases: Embase, Medline, Cinahl, Web of Science, Academic Search Ultimate, SocIndex, ASSIA and Google Scholar. Results will be summarized narratively and using meta-analytic strategies. Discussion: To our knowledge, there is no systematic review combining historical data on the impact of both seasonal and pandemic influenza on indigenous populations. By summarizing results across indigenous groups in different countries and historical periods, we aim to provide information on how strong the risk for influenza is among indigenous people, and how consistent this risk is across groups, areas and time. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO registration number: CRD42021246391

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The ‘Influenza’ Vaccine Used during the Samoan Pandemic of 1918

Cited by 3 publications

References 28 publications

The 1918–20 Influenza Pandemic

The 1918–20 Influenza Pandemic

Antiviral Therapy for the Next Influenza Pandemic

Indigenous Groups and Influenza: Protocol For A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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