The Influence on Levitation Force of the Bulk HTSC Above a Permanent Magnet Guideway Operating Dive-Lift Movement with Different Angles

Superconducting magnetic levitation: principle, materials, physics and models

“…Otherwisethe increase of F z as the cooling height increases is ascribed to that of both DB a and m down . Finally, the µ F reported in section 3.4.2 are in agreement with the expression of m z in equation(23).…”

“…The F z saturation and the t decrease are consistent with the suggestion that F z tends towards the Meissner limit as J c increases. The closure of the hysteresis cycles as the temperature decreases is attributed to the little difference for small t between ¶ ¶ The main differences between the models are: (i) the introduction of a 'frozen' moment during field cooling in the magnetic images model, while the mean field model considers that the field cooled magnetization of the superconductor consists in the entry and the pinning of vortices with no generation of shielding currents; (ii) the fact that the 'non-frozen' image moments are mobile in the superconductor while the current layers are facing the permanent magnet in the mean field model and (iii) the use of equation (23) in the mean field model for the calculation of the magnetic moments.…”

“…In comparison, if magnetic levitation is achieved with a type I superconductor, the superconductor has a single defined equilibrium position about which it can only orbit or oscillate [9]. As a result, auto-stabilized rotating bearings have been demonstrated with HTS and NdFeB magnets [10][11][12][13] and investigations into levitating trains have been carried out [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25].…”