SOJ Biochemistry Open Access Research article tons of oxides in 2003 [3]. However, this growing use of REEs is accompanied by enrichment to the environment [4]. Indeed, REE senter the groundwater and eventually migrate into rivers and lakes [5] and reach humans through trophic transfer [6, 7]. Despite their widespread applications, environmental risks related to REEs have received little attention which explains the paucity of data about their bioavailability and ecotoxicological impact. Thus, more research on the environmental impacts and biological effects of REE sis required [8]. Lanthanum (La), a representative element of light REEs, is widely used in electronics and optoelectronics, lighters, ceramics, battery [9] and also to stimulate the growth of agricultural products [10]. Therefore, this element is considered of specific interest as one of the major lanthanides found in industrial effluents [11]. Although dissolved lanthanum species (La3+) represent a very small proportion of lanthanum compounds in water and sediment, they are bioavailable and cause adverse effects in living biological systems [12]. In fishes and amphibians, several effects of La have been reported particularly on nervous systems [13,14], excretory organs [15] and smooth muscles [16-18]. Previous study demonstrated also that La3+ delayed zebra fish embryo and larval development, decreased survival and hatching rates and causes tail malformation in a concentration-dependent way [19]. Studies performed with crustaceans are focused mainly in evaluating the effect of La on survival, growth and reproduction [20, 21, 22] and showed the highest sensitivity of those organisms towards La-ions dissolved from LaCl 3. In our Knowledge, few reports on La effects in marine bivalves have been published before now [23, 24, 25]. Given the lack of data for aquatic organisms, studies with mammals are provided. The trivalent La3+interfere with the immune defense and the function of the liver, spleen, heart and blood vessels and brain [26]. Previous studies indicated that lanthanum chloride accumulated in brain [10] alter the learning capacity and memory in animals