The influence of working memory load on phase specific patterns of cortical activity

Cairo, Tara A.; Liddle, Peter F.; Woodward, Todd S.; Ngan, Elton T.C.

doi:10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.06.014

Cited by 111 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Activated areas were similar to previous fMRI findings using the Sternberg task to examine WM load-related activation during encoding and maintenance separately (e.g. Cairo, Liddle, Woodward, & Ngan, 2004;Veltman, Rombouts, & Dolan, 2003;Woodward et al, 2006). Load-dependent encoding phase activation was found in the DMPFC, right DLPFC and bilateral parietal cortices.…”

Section: Working Memory Task Fmri Resultssupporting

confidence: 66%

Working memory in middle-aged males: Age-related brain activation changes and cognitive fatigue effects

Klaassen

Evers

Groot

et al. 2014

Biological Psychology

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Section: Working Memory Task Fmri Resultssupporting

confidence: 66%

Working memory in middle-aged males: Age-related brain activation changes and cognitive fatigue effects

Klaassen

Evers

Groot

et al. 2014

Biological Psychology

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“…This activity pattern corresponds well with the findings from other functional imaging studies of visual WM retrieval (Pessoa et al, 2002;Linden et al, 2003;Ranganath et al, 2004) or visual target detection (Linden et al, 1999;Downar et al, 2001;Ardekani et al, 2002;Bledowski et al, 2004a). We found significant load-dependent differences only in bilateral inferior frontal gyrus and right presupplementary motor area (pSMA), which also conforms to previous fMRI studies (Cairo et al, 2004;Landau et al, 2004).…”

Section: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imagingsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…nAm, Nanoamperes. (Cairo et al, 2004) with increasing memory load. Furthermore, the source analysis indicated that generators in the VLPFC and IT were mainly responsible for the load effect as measured on the scalp.…”

Section: Memory Load Effects and Erp/fmri Correspondencementioning

confidence: 99%

Mental Chronometry of Working Memory Retrieval: A Combined Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Event-Related Potentials Approach

Bledowski¹,

Kadosh²,

Wibral³

et al. 2006

J. Neurosci.

133

127

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We used the combination of functional magnetic resonance imaging and event-related potentials to decompose the processing stages (mental chronometry) of working memory retrieval. Our results reveal an early transient activation of inferotemporal cortex, which was accompanied by the onset of a sustained activation of posterior parietal cortex. We furthermore observed late transient responses in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and late sustained activity in medial frontal and premotor areas. We propose that these neural signatures reflect the cognitive stages of task processing, perceptual evaluation (inferotemporal cortex), storage buffer operations (posterior parietal cortex), active retrieval (ventrolateral prefrontal cortex), and action selection (medial frontal and premotor cortex). This is also supported by their differential temporal contribution to specific subcomponents of the P300 cognitive potential.

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“…There are also studies which report striatal activations in response to negatively valenced stimuli (Knutson, Adams, Fong, & Hommer, 2001) or in non-reward activity such as working memory and motor preparation (Cairo, Liddle, Woodward, & Ngan, 2004;Simon et al, 2002). Since our task did involve working memory and motor preparation, the striatal activation we found could be due to increased attention or "incentive salience" or other activities (as some studies suggest).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

“…The caudate is an area well- (correlating activity with curiosity levels, and then with residual curiosity) precludes the possibility that the caudate activation was driven solely by expectation of feedback from accurate guesses (because residual curiosity and confidence are uncorrelated by construction). Activity in left PFC is also consistent with the idea that curiosity is associated with an intrinsic value of learning because neurons in left PFC receive input from neurons in the substantia nigra via the dorsal striatum, which respond to primary rewards and reward-prediction, show sustained phasic activations during reward expectation (Watanabe, 1996), and whose activity is modulated by magnitude of reward (Leon & Shadlen, 1999;Rogers et al, 1999).There are also studies which report striatal activations in response to negatively valenced stimuli (Knutson, Adams, Fong, & Hommer, 2001) or in non-reward activity 13 such as working memory and motor preparation (Cairo, Liddle, Woodward, & Ngan, 2004;Simon et al, 2002). Since our task did involve working memory and motor preparation, the striatal activation we found could be due to increased attention or "incentive salience" or other activities (as some studies suggest).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Wick in the Candle of Learning: Epistemic Curiosity Activates Reward Circuitry and Enhances Memory

et al. 2008

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Curiosity has been described as the "wick in the candle of learning" but its underlying mechanisms are not well-understood. We scanned subjects with fMRI while they read trivia questions. The level of curiosity when reading questions is correlated with activity in caudate regions previously suggested to be involved in anticipated reward or encoding prediction error. This finding led to a behavioral study showing that subjects spend more scarce resources (either limited tokens, or waiting time) to find out answers when they are more curious. The fMRI also showed that curiosity increases activity in memory areas when subjects guess incorrectly, which suggests that curiosity may enhance memory for surprising new information. This prediction about memory enhancement is confirmed in a behavioral study-higher curiosity in the initial session is correlated with better recall of surprising answers 10 days later.Keywords: Neuroimaging, Memory, Learning, Brain 2 Curiosity is the complex feeling and cognition accompanying the desire to learn what is unknown. Curiosity can be both helpful and dangerous. It plays a critical role in motivating learning and discovery, especially by creative professionals, increasing the world's store of knowledge. Einstein, for example, once said, "I have no special talents. I am only passionately curious (Hoffmann, 1972)." The dangerous side of curiosity is its association with exploratory behaviors with harmful consequences. An ancient example is the mythical Pandora, who opened a box that unleashed misfortunes on the world. In modern times, technology such as the Internet augments both good and bad effects of curiosity, by putting both enormous amounts of information and potentially dangerous social encounters a mouse click away.Despite its importance, the psychological and neural underpinnings of human curiosity remain poorly understood. Philosophers and psychologists have described curiosity as an appetite for knowledge, a drive like hunger and thirst (Loewenstein, 1994), the hunger pang of an 'info-vore' (Biederman & Vessel, 2006), and "the wick in the candle of learning" (William Arthur Ward). In reinforcement learning a "novelty bonus" is used to motivate the choice of unexplored strategies (Kakade & Dayan, 2002).Curiosity can be thought of as the psychological manifestation of such a novelty bonus.A theory guiding our research holds that curiosity arises from an incongruity or 'information gap'-a discrepancy between what one knows and what one wants to know (Loewenstein, 1994). The theory assumes that the aspired level of knowledge increases sharply with a small increase in knowledge, so that the information gap grows with initial learning. When one is sufficiently knowledgeable, however, the gap shrinks and curiosity falls. If curiosity is like a hunger for knowledge, then a small "priming dose" of information increases the hunger, and the decrease in curiosity from knowing a lot is like being satiated by information.In the information-gap theory, the object of curiosity is a...

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The influence of working memory load on phase specific patterns of cortical activity

Cited by 111 publications

References 33 publications

Working memory in middle-aged males: Age-related brain activation changes and cognitive fatigue effects

Working memory in middle-aged males: Age-related brain activation changes and cognitive fatigue effects

Mental Chronometry of Working Memory Retrieval: A Combined Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Event-Related Potentials Approach

The Wick in the Candle of Learning: Epistemic Curiosity Activates Reward Circuitry and Enhances Memory

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