“…Microbial fuel cells (MFCs), as a novel technology capable of simultaneous wastewater treatment and energy recovery, have garnered increasing attention [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. This is because they harness microbial degradation of organic compounds, converting chemical energy into electrical energy [ 4 , 5 , 6 ]. Inside the MFC, organic matter is degraded by microorganisms, generating electrons at the anode.…”