“…HIU has been explored for its efficacy in inactivating foodborne pathogens, such as Salmonella Typhimurium in skim milk and liquid whole egg (LWE) at 20, 40, and 50°C for 15 and 30 min (Wrigley & Llorca, 1992), Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes in milk and apple cider (D'Amico, Silk, Wu, & Guo, 2006), Listeria and E. coli in LWE (Lee, Heinz, & Knorr, 2003), Salmonella in broiler skin (Lillard, 1994), and for its influence on S. Typhimurium growth (Sienkiewicz et al, 2017), spoilage microorganisms in juices (Cheng, Soh, Liew, & Teh, 2007;Yuan, Hu, Yue, Chen, & Lo, 2009), and human enteric viruses (Su & D'Souza, 2010). The mechanism of microbial inactivation is reported to be mainly due to localized changes in pressure and temperature caused by cavitation generated by HIU, which is a phenomenon of "extremely rapid formation and collapse of bubbles in a liquid medium" (Earnshaw, 1998;Su, Zivanovic, & D'Souza, 2010).…”