The Influence of Trace Elements (In, Sn) on the Hardening Process of Al–Cu Alloys

Lotter, Frank; Petschke, Danny; Staab, T.E.M.; Rohrmann, Urban; Schubert, Thomas; Sextl, Gerhard; Kieback, Bernd

doi:10.1002/pssa.201800038

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(33 reference statements)

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“…The thermograms show a series of exo-and endothermic peaks representing, respectively, the formation and dissolution of different precipitate types. The precipitation sequence in Al-Cu is well known and has already been characterized by DSC in the literature (Son et al, 2005;Lotter et al, 2018). Exothermic peaks will be denoted in order of appearance by X, Y, Z, while for endothermic peaks we will use A, B, C, .…”

Section: Differential Scanning Calorimetrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy on Al–Cu alloys – from solute copper to stable precipitates

et al. 2018

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Although binary aluminium alloys seem to be uninteresting and well known, some aspects of their precipitation sequence -especially the early stages immediately after quenching -are still not well understood. Since the Al-Cu system is the basis for many ternary and quaternary high-strength alloys with application in the aviation sector, it is important to understand this binary system in detail. This problem is here tackled by a unique combination of differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray absorption fine structure measurements, where relaxed atomic coordinates for simulation of the spectra have been obtained by ab initio calculations. Thereby, it is possible to attribute any exo-or endothermal peak to a certain type of precipitate, even though formation and dissolution regions have a large overlap in this system. This unique combination of experimental and numerical methods allows one to determine the local atomic environment around Cu atoms, thus following the formation and growth of Guinier-Preston zones, i.e. Cu platelets on {100} planes, during the precipitation process. research papers 1340 Danny Petschke et al. Time-resolved XAFS on Al-Cu alloys

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Section: Differential Scanning Calorimetrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy on Al–Cu alloys – from solute copper to stable precipitates

et al. 2018

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“…2 show that the base alloy with 1.7 at.% Cu (red line) just exhibits the typical exo-or endothermal peaks corresponding to the formation of precipitates (clusters, GP zones and later intermetallic phases) or their dissolution (see Baur/Gerold [37] or Hardy [1] for early reviews). Please, note that this measurement of a well-known system just serves as a reference (see [38] for a thorough discussion).…”

Section: Bottom)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The decomposition process in high-purity Al-1.7 at.% Cu alloys with trace elements: preservation of quenched-in vacancies by In, Sn and Pb influencing the $$\theta \, '$$ formation

et al. 2021

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Aluminium-copper alloys of the 2xxx type receive their excellent mechanical properties by the formation of copper-rich precipitates during hardening. Size, distribution and crystal structure of the formed precipitates determine the final strength of those alloys. Adding traces of certain elements, which bind to vacancies, significantly influences the decomposition behaviour, i.e. the diffusion of the copper atoms. For high-purity ternary alloys (Al-1.7 at.% Cu-X), we investigate the interaction of copper and trace element atoms (X=In, Sn, and Pb) with quenched-in vacancies by Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy (PALS). By employing Vickers microhardness, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Small Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS) we obtain a comprehensive picture of the decomposition process: opposite to predicted binding energies to vacancies by ab-initio calculations we find during ageing at room and elevated temperature a more retarded clustering of copper in the presence of In rather than for Sn additions, while Pb, having the highest predicted binding to vacancies, shows nearly no retarding effect compared to pure Al-Cu. If the latter would be due to a limited solubility of lead, it had to be below 2 ppm. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) as imaging method complements our findings. Annealing the quenched Al-1.7 at.% Cu-X-alloys containing 100 ppm In or Sn at $$150\,^\circ {\text {C}}$$ 150 ∘ C leads to finely distributed $$\theta \, '$$ θ ′ -precipitates on the nanoscale, since due to the trace additions the formation temperature of $$\theta \, '$$ θ ′ is lowered by more than $$100\,^\circ {\text {C}}$$ 100 ∘ C . According to TEM small agglomerates of trace elements (In, Sn) may support the early nucleation for the $$\theta \, '$$ θ ′ -precipitates.

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“…Therefore, optimising Cu content has an important influence on the age-hardening and mechanical properties. In addition, Sn is considered as an important trace element to restrain vacancy annihilation due to its high binding energy with vacancies [4][5][6]. Studies have shown that Sn promotes the formation of the θ phase by reducing the interfacial energy between the precipitate and the matrix or acting as heterogeneous nucleation particles [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many studies have reported the effect of Sn on the precipitation kinetics. Most of the studies are based on transmission electron microscopy or 3D atom probe tomography combined with the age-hardening curve [4][5][6]. However, there are few quantitative analyses on the effect of Sn on precipitation kinetics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying the effects of Sn on θ′-Al₂Cu precipitation kinetics in Al–Cu alloys

Zhang

Wang

et al. 2021

Materials Science and Technology

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In this study, the effects of 0.14 wt-% Sn on accelerating the precipitation kinetics during heat treatment are quantified. By calculating the activation energy of θ′ phase, it was found that the combined additions of Cu and Sn can reduce the energy barrier and increase the number density of the θ′ phase in the peak aged state, and thus improving yield strength and ultimate tensile strength from 239 and 318 to 445 and 457 MPa, respectively. Based on the quantitative analysis of the θ′ phase, it was found that with the combined additions of Cu and Sn, the average length of the θ′ phase increased from 18.11 to 25.82 nm, and the number density increased from 2.17 × 1021 to 4.62 × 1021 m−3.

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The Influence of Trace Elements (In, Sn) on the Hardening Process of Al–Cu Alloys

Cited by 13 publications

References 22 publications

Time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy on Al–Cu alloys – from solute copper to stable precipitates

Time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy on Al–Cu alloys – from solute copper to stable precipitates

The decomposition process in high-purity Al-1.7 at.% Cu alloys with trace elements: preservation of quenched-in vacancies by In, Sn and Pb influencing the $$\theta \, '$$ formation

Quantifying the effects of Sn on θ′-Al₂Cu precipitation kinetics in Al–Cu alloys

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The Influence of Trace Elements (In, Sn) on the Hardening Process of Al–Cu Alloys

Cited by 13 publications

References 22 publications

Time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy on Al–Cu alloys – from solute copper to stable precipitates

Time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy on Al–Cu alloys – from solute copper to stable precipitates

The decomposition process in high-purity Al-1.7 at.% Cu alloys with trace elements: preservation of quenched-in vacancies by In, Sn and Pb influencing the $$\theta \, '$$ formation

Quantifying the effects of Sn on θ′-Al2Cu precipitation kinetics in Al–Cu alloys

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Quantifying the effects of Sn on θ′-Al₂Cu precipitation kinetics in Al–Cu alloys