The Influence of Tobacco on Health-Related Parameters in Chronic and Acute Healthy Male Smokers

Abstract

Ingestion of tobacco is detrimental to overall health that could affect the normal function of several health parameters in the human body. While it has been generally documented that smoking is injurious to health, the influence of tobacco on certain health parameters with regards to the duration of smoking in individuals without any apparent health issues is yet to be fully investigated. The current study investigated the effect of smoking on health parameters of healthy male smokers. A total of 107 (37 ± 9.42) years were enlisted randomly from different locations in Malaysia and several health-related parameters were measured. A kmeans cluster analysis was employed to classify the smokers into groups based on their smoking period while analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to examine the differences in the health parameters status of the smokers. The k-means clustering analysis identified two distinct groups namely; chronic and acute smokers whilst the ANOVA indicated that the chronic smokers are older and characterised with a considerably higher diastolic blood pressure levels, total cholesterol, visceral fat, leptin as well as high and low-density lipoprotein. Moreover, chronic smokers are found to be highly dependent on nicotine p < 0.05. Nonetheless, no significant difference was found in basal metabolic rate systolic blood pressure, heart rate, nicotine level as well as calories intake amongst the smoking groups p > 0.05. The long-term smokers are predisposed to higher risks of cardiovascular-related problems, high fat accumulation as well as dependence on nicotine, among others.

Association of Physical Activity with Anthropometrics Variables and Health-Related Risks in Healthy Male Smokers

“…Moreover, studies have demonstrated that smokers who live a sedentary lifestyle have lower physical performance and lack of endurance, characterized by shortness of breath, all of which could lead to the deterioration of overall health [ 57 , 58 ]. Therefore, it is important to note that lack of PA coupled with smoking is a harbinger of many health complications such as cardiovascular diseases and cancer that may affect the general well-being and, indeed, mortality, of an individual [ 34 , 59 ]. However, the adverse effects of smoking on overall health have been shown to be mitigable or reversable when an individual quits smoking.…”

“…Gender plays a significant role in the tendency to smoke in Malaysia, where the male-to-female ratio of smokers in the country is highly skewed: A larger proportion of smokers in the country are males, which could be attributed to the social norms, which are not favourable to female smoking [ 34 ]. Hence, the current study focused on adult male smokers only.…”