The Influence of the Calcination Time on Synthesis of Nanomaterials with Small Size, High Crystalline Nature and Photocatalytic Activity in the TiO2 Nanoparticles Calcined at 500 °C

Abstract

The development of new materials with diverse applications that fit well in the context of the current economy, where energy issues abound, is paramount. The goal of this study was to generate materials with high photocatalytic properties, at low cost and with less energy, and without health and ecological risks. Such materials would allow for a form of sustainable development that respects nature. This study investigated the influence of calcination time on titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) produced by green synthesis using Aloe vera leaf extract under a constant temperature of 500 °C. The interaction between synthesis conditions like calcination time and the size of nanoparticles produced in relation to changes in photocatalytic activity were analyzed and discussed. The results showed that when calcination was increased at 500 °C, the synthesis of small-diameter nanoparticles was promoted. TiO2 were 23 ± 2 nm (D1) and 83 ± 5 nm (D2) after 5 h and 1 h of calcination, respectively. Moreover, the calcination duration promoted an increase in crystalline nature. In the same way, the level of reduction of azo dye Remazol Red Brilliant F3B (RR180) increased when calcination time increased, and therefore, changed the optic and photo-catalytic properties of the TiO2 nanomaterial. In addition, TiO2 nanopowders (size 23 ± 2 nm) had the higher efficiency in photodegradation (100%) of dye RR180 under visible light irradiation for 60 min for up to one hour duration, but TiO2 NPs (83 ± 5 nm) had the higher efficiency (100%) for up to two hours duration.

Rhodamine B photocatalytic activity and the synthesis of Zinc Oxide and Titanium Dioxide nanoparticles mediated by Vachellia hebeclada (Acacia hebeclada).

“…The reaction time at a particular temperature can be altered to enhance the ionization of excess phytochemicals that may have formed a layer over the TiO 2 surface during synthesis, regulating the crystal phase of TiO 2 nanoparticles. This modi cation may result in the nanoparticles forming a particular crystal phase or size, which may be useful for photocatalysis [25]. The synthesized material was slightly amorphous, which agrees with SEM images.…”

Metal Oxides Nanoparticles: General Structural Description, Chemical, Physical, and Biological Synthesis Methods, Role in Pesticides and Heavy Metal Removal through Wastewater Treatment

“…The following presents examples of green preparation of nanoparticles with no support material to be used for pollutant elimination from aqueous media. In the first example, Alhalili and Smiri [ 167 ] used aqueous extract attained from Aloe vera leaves to prepare titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO 2 NPs) with photocatalytic properties. SEM images show the sphere-filled morphology of TiO 2 NPs ( Figure 12 ).…”

“…On one hand, TiO 2 NPs (with size 23 ± 2 nm) showed a higher efficiency in photodegradation (100%) of RR180 dye under visible light irradiation for 1 h duration. On the other hand, TiO 2 NPs with a diameter of 83 ± 5 nm presented a higher efficiency (100%) for up to 2 h duration [ 167 ].…”

Review article: Sol-gel method, ‘’synthesis and applications’’

“…the flower nanostructures are reported as VO3 nanostructured which reduced as petaloid clusters or hollow dandelions [12 ]. The effect of calcination time on synthesis TiO2 NPs which [13] produced from Aloe vera leaf extract and thermal treatments at 500 •C with different times . The increased in time which spend for calcination caused forming smalldiameter of TiO2 with 23 ± 2 nm after 5h of calcination and 83 ± 5 nm after 1 h of calcination in addition to rices crystalline nature, the photocatalytic activity of synthesized TiO2 was shown removed of azo dye Remazol Red Brilliant for the catalyst after 5h of calcination more then 1h respectively under visible light irradiation.…”