The influence of test‐set similarity in verbal overshadowing

Kitagami, Shinji; Sato, Wataru; Yoshikawa, Sakiko

doi:10.1002/acp.917

Cited by 23 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 26 publications

(30 reference statements)

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“…Although interference theory was developed mainly for verbal material, many studies have indicated that visual similarity interferes with recognition of visual figures and faces (e.g., Baddeley, 1976;Kitagami, Sato, & Yoshikawa, 2002;Tulving, 1981;Wells, 1988). Many researchers have found that looking at pictures of faces during the interval between learning and testing of the target face interferes retroactively with its recognition.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A face recognition by similarity (FRBS) conjecture

Rakover

Cahlon

2008

Perception & Psychophysics

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Cohen (1963) investigated free recall in two lists of words. The first contained unrelated words. The second comprised words drawn from several semantic categories, where the number of categories was equal to the number of words in the first list. He found that recall of unrelated words was equal to the recall of categories. The face recognition by similarity (FRBS) conjecture proposes that this relation cannot be applied to face recognition. Following Cohen's design, two different experimental situations for generating two target faces were constructed. The findings showed that the number of correct recognitions of specific facial features belonging to the first target face (e.g., nose, chin) was greater than or equal to the number of categories of visually similar facial features belonging to the second target face (e.g., different long noses, round chins). In addition, theoretical underpinnings for the FRBS conjecture were suggested.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A face recognition by similarity (FRBS) conjecture

Rakover

Cahlon

2008

Perception & Psychophysics

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“…Semantic images of target and distractors are shown in Figure 1 . In the recognition phase, it was necessary to present eight images (the target and distractors) in one page to imitate the form of photo lineup ( Schooler & Engstler-Schooler, 1990 ;Kitagami, et al ., 2002 ). In the encoding phase, only the target face was presented in one page and the target face needs to be observed carefully by participants.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This allowed manipulation of whether the verbally described features were distinguishing (modifi ed) features between target and distractors. A single target face was used because most verbal overshadowing studies use one test set ( Finger & Pezdek, 1999 ;Finger, 2002 ;Kitagami, et al ., 2002 ;Itoh, 2005 ). All stimuli were presented in gray scale.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They termed this phenomenon "verbal overshadowing." Recent research has suggested that verbalizing memories disrupts recognition ( Kitagami, Sato, & Yoshikawa, 2002 ;Wickham & Swift, 2006 ;Nakabayashi, Lloyd-Jones, Butcher, & Liu, 2012 ). The present study examines how diff erences in the verbalized information infl uence verbal overshadowing-in particular, how describing salient and distinguishing features infl uences face recognition.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, TIPS assumes that the specifi c facial feature described should not aff ect verbal overshadowing, so most verbal overshadowing studies do not examine eff ects of describing salient facial features on subsequent face recognition. Many different studies support the TIPS ( Dodson, Johnson, & Schooler, 1997 ;Brown & Lloyd-Jones, 2002, 2003, and some studies have demonstrated that there is no correlation between description accuracy and recognition performance ( Fallshore & Schooler, 1995 ;Finger, 2002 ;Kitagami, et al ., 2002 ). However, some previous studies have shown that diff erences in described content modulate the occurrence of verbal overshadowing ( Meissner, Brigham, & Kelley, 2001 ;MacLin, 2002 ;Meissner, Sporer, & Susa, 2008 ).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Verbalizing information salient to face identification does not cause verbal overshadowing¹

Hatano¹,

Kitagami²,

Kawaguchi

2014

Comprehensive Psychology

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Attempting to describe a face can lead to subsequent recognition impairments, i.e., verbal overshadowing. A new explanation of the verbal overshadowing effect was tested by manipulating whether participants described features that were more or less salient for face identifi cation. To manipulate the distinguishing features, distractor faces were created with gray scale photographs of men identical to the targets except for the eyes and mouth (Study 1) or eyebrows and nose (Study 2). In both studies, participants (Study 1: N = 177, 81 men, M age = 18.9 yr.; Study 2: N = 144, 133 men, M age = 20.5 yr.) were assigned to one of two verbalization conditions or a control condition. After a target face was presented, participants in the two verbalization conditions were asked to describe specifi c features-either eyes and mouth, or eyebrows and nose-before a recognition test. Participants in the control condition completed a fi ller task. The measure of recognition was whether participants could recognize the target correctly. Results showed that describing the eyes and mouth did not cause signifi cant verbal overshadowing in either Study 1 or 2, while describing the eyebrows and nose caused statistically signifi cant verbal overshadowing in Study 2. Verbalizing information important for face identifi cation did not cause verbal overshadowing regardless of the distinguishability of described features.

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The facilitating effect of verbalization on the recognition memory of incidentally learned faces

Itoh

2005

Applied Cognitive Psychology

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The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that requiring people to verbally describe a target face from memory facilitates their subsequent recognition when their memory for the target is poor and interferes with recognition when such memory is strong. In Experiment 1, a target face was presented to participants for 30 s or 100 s under a nominal task instruction, and they incidentally familiarized themselves with it. Verbalization increased the rate of correct recognition only when the target was presented for 30 s and the performance of control participants was poor. In Experiment 2, participants observed a target without instruction for intentional learning or other nominal instruction, in a more ecologically valid context. Recognition performance was poor for control participants and verbalization increased the rate of correct recognition. These results appear to support the hypothesis. The implications for the identification of persons by eyewitnesses are discussed.The description and identification of people by eyewitnesses play an important role in police investigations and judicial hearings. Typically, before eyewitnesses are asked to identify a person from photographs or live alternatives (e.g. a lineup), they are required to report verbally the details of the target's appearance. This procedure is used because it is believed to provide information confirming that the witness was present at a critical event and/or to indicate the reliability of a witness's memory for a target person. However, if verbalization degrades recognition performance, this procedure can lead to errors in subsequent identification.Schooler and Engstler-Schooler (1990) showed that describing a target face from memory impairs subsequent recognition performance-the verbal overshadowing effect. Since that time, many studies have reported that verbalization interferes with face recognition (e.g.

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The influence of test‐set similarity in verbal overshadowing

Cited by 23 publications

References 26 publications

A face recognition by similarity (FRBS) conjecture

A face recognition by similarity (FRBS) conjecture

Verbalizing information salient to face identification does not cause verbal overshadowing¹

The facilitating effect of verbalization on the recognition memory of incidentally learned faces

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The influence of test‐set similarity in verbal overshadowing

Cited by 23 publications

References 26 publications

A face recognition by similarity (FRBS) conjecture

A face recognition by similarity (FRBS) conjecture

Verbalizing information salient to face identification does not cause verbal overshadowing1

The facilitating effect of verbalization on the recognition memory of incidentally learned faces

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Verbalizing information salient to face identification does not cause verbal overshadowing¹