The influence of terpenes on the release of volatile organic compounds and active ingredients to cannabis vaping aerosols

Meehan-Atrash, Jiries; Luo, Wentai; McWhirter, Kevin J; Dennis, David G.; Šarlah, David; Jensen, R. Paul; Afreh, Isaac; Jiang, Jia; Barsanti, Kelley C.; Ortiz, Alisha; Strongin, Robert M.

doi:10.1039/d1ra00934f

Cited by 14 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…10 Unlike the use of vape cartridges, dabbing is less impacted by sample viscosity, thereby enabling pure cannabinoids to be efficiently vaped without the need for confounding viscosity-modifying additives. 11,12 CBN-OAc was used for the initial studies as it produces fewer degradation products upon vaping compared to other cannabinoids, 12 and should therefore afford relatively cleaner NMR spectra. The quartz nail was set to a temperature of 378 ⁰C.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaping Cannabinoid Acetates Leads to Ketene Formation

Strongin

Munger

Jensen³

2022

Preprint

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Delta-8 THC acetate is a relatively new psychoactive cannabis product that is available online and in vape shops across the US since it is currently unregulated. Because it contains a similar substructure to vitamin E acetate, which has been shown to form the poison gas ketene during vaping, we investigated potential ketene formation from delta-8 THC acetate, as well as other cannabinoids acetates, CBN acetate and CBD acetate, under vaping conditions. Ketene was consistently observed in vaped condensates from all three acetates as well as from a commercial delta-8 THC acetate product purchased online.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaping Cannabinoid Acetates Leads to Ketene Formation

Strongin

Munger

Jensen³

2022

Preprint

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“…Cannabis e-cigs (CECs) are an adaptation of the same technology used to deliver  9tetrahydrocannabinol ( 9 -THC) and have become popular among adolescents and young adults [3]. In 2019, the CDC described an outbreak of e-cigarette, or vaping, product useassociated lung injury (EVALI), which as of February 18, 2020, resulted in 2,807 hospitalizations/cases and 68 deaths in the US [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) or electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), invented in 2003, were originally conceived as smoking cessation aids but are now a major avenue of nicotine consumption that is rapidly rising in popularity amongst young people [ 1 , 2 ]. Cannabis e-cigarettes (CECs) are an adaptation of the same technology used to deliver Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9 -THC) and have become popular among adolescents and young adults [ 3 ]. In 2019, the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) described an outbreak of e-cigarette, or vaping, product use-associated lung injury (EVALI), which as of 18 February 2020, resulted in 2807 hospitalisations/cases and 68 deaths in the USA [ 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chemical analyses of illicitly sourced CECs obtained from EVALI subjects demonstrated that these products can contain many different ingredients and adulterants, such as glycerol fatty acid esters, long-chain hydrocarbons, plasticisers, terpenes, metals and more [ 12 , 13 ]. Aerosols generated from CECs contain concerning levels of irritants and carcinogens including benzene, isoprene, methyl vinyl ketone, butadiene, toluene, xylenes and more [ 3 , 14 ]. M uthumalage et al [ 13 ] showed the molecular mechanisms of injurious responses by inhaled illicit cartridges that are shown to cause EVALI.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Noninvasive systemic biomarkers of e-cigarette or vaping use-associated lung injury: a pilot study

et al. 2022

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BackgroundElectronic cigarettes (e-cig) vaping, containing nicotine and/or Δ8, Δ9 or Δ10 or Δo tetrahydrocannabinol (Δn−THC) are associated with an outbreak of e-cig, or vaping product use, associated lung injury (EVALI). Despite thousands hospitalised with EVALI, much remains unknown about diagnosis, treatment and disease pathogenesis. Biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and lipid mediators may help identify e-cig users with EVALI.MethodsWe collected plasma and urine along with demographic and vaping-related data of EVALI subjects (ages: 18–35 years) and non-users matched for sex and age in a pilot study. Biomarkers were assessed by ELISA/EIA and Luminex-based assays.ResultsElevated levels of THC metabolite (11-nor-9-carboxy-THC) were found in plasma from EVALI subjects compared to non-users. Levels of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), an oxidative DNA damage biomarker, and 8-isoprostane, an oxidative stress marker, were slightly increased in urine samples from EVALI subjects compared to non-users. Conversely, plasma levels of lipid mediators, including Resolvin D1 (RvD1) and Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), were significantly lower in EVALI subjects compared to non-users. Both pro-inflammatory biomarkers, such as TNF-α, MIP-1β, RANTES, and GM-CSF, as well as anti-inflammatory biomarkers, such as IL-9 and CC10/16, were decreased in plasma from EVALI subjects compared to non-users, supportive of a possible dysregulated inflammatory response in EVALI subjects.ConclusionsSignificant elevations in urine and plasma biomarkers of oxidative stress, as well as reductions in lipid mediators, were shown in EVALI subjects. These non-invasive biomarkers of 8-OHdG, 8-isoprostane, RvD1, and CC10/16, either individually or collectively, may serve as biomarkers in diagnosing future EVALI subjects.

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“…7 Extensive media coverage during the outbreak, which peaked in September 2019, 7 put cannabis vaping into focus, and states with legalized recreational and medical cannabis markets responded by banning potentially harmful ingredients. 8−10 Researchers also responded by studying the in vitro and in vivo impacts of cannabis vaporizer adulterants on the respiratory system, 11−13 but for the major and often only ingredients in cannabis vaporizers, cannabinoids and terpenes, 14,15 a dearth of toxicological data exists on how they may negatively impact the aerodigestive tract.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cannabis Vaping: Existing and Emerging Modalities, Chemistry, and Pulmonary Toxicology

Meehan-Atrash

Rahman

2021

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

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The outbreak of e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) has been cause for concern to the medical community, particularly given that this novel illness has coincided with the COVID-19 pandemic, another cause of severe pulmonary illness. Though cannabis e-cigarettes tainted with vitamin E acetate were primarily associated with EVALI, acute lung injuries stemming from cannabis inhalation were reported in the literature prior to 2019, and it has been suggested that cannabis components or additives other than vitamin E acetate may be responsible. Despite these concerning issues, novel cannabis vaporizer ingredients continue to arise, such as Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol, Δ10-tetrahydrocannabinol, hexahydrocannabinol, and cannabichromene. In order to address cannabis e-cigarette safety and vaping in an effective manner, we provide a comprehensive knowledge of the latest products, delivery modes, and ingredients. This perspective highlights the types of cannabis vaping modalities common to the United States cannabis market, with special attention to cartridge-type cannabis e-cigarette toxicology and their involvement in the EVALI outbreak, in particular, acute lung injurious responses. Novel ingredient chemistry, origins, and legal statuses are reviewed, as well as the toxicology of known cannabis e-cigarette aerosol components.

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The influence of terpenes on the release of volatile organic compounds and active ingredients to cannabis vaping aerosols

Abstract: Cannabinoid and VOC emissions from vaping cannabis concentrates vary depending on terpene content, power level and consumption method.

Cited by 14 publications

References 53 publications

Vaping Cannabinoid Acetates Leads to Ketene Formation

Vaping Cannabinoid Acetates Leads to Ketene Formation

Noninvasive systemic biomarkers of e-cigarette or vaping use-associated lung injury: a pilot study

Cannabis Vaping: Existing and Emerging Modalities, Chemistry, and Pulmonary Toxicology

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