“…The ferritic structure present in the morphology of ADI acts as a barrier to autocatalytic propagation of nucleation of martensite. The martensite transformation, also known as the TRIP effect was confirmed by many researchers in investigations of ADI as well as treated steels and other ferrous alloys [27,42,48–51]. However, increased hardness of ADI by martensite transformation is often accompanied by the decrease in ductility and increase in brittleness of the material, making it either vulnerable or advanced towards its future applications.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 93%
“…As a result, wear rates at higher speeds and loads were further reduced. Many researchers have observed similar oxide layer formation on the surfaces of sliding metals as well as strain hardening in tribological systems [18,25,26,41,42]. Figure 14 SEM microscopic images of cross-sectional region beneath worn region for subsurface analysis: (a–c) 10 N, (d–f) 30 N, (g–i) 50 N and (j–l) 100 N for 0.3 9 m/s, 0.59 and 0.79 m/s.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…As a result, wear rates at higher speeds and loads were further reduced. Many researchers have observed similar oxide layer formation on the surfaces of sliding metals as well as strain hardening in tribological systems [18,25,26,41,42]. A large amount of plastic deformation caused the nodules to be exposed to the counterbody.…”
In this study, dry sliding wear behaviour of a copper alloyed austempered ductile iron (ADI) consisting of very fine ausferrite, small high carbon austenite blocks, was investigated against 100Cr6 ball using ball-on-disc tribometer. Tribotests were conducted at different loads of 10, 30, 50, and 100 N and speeds between 0.39 to 0.79 m/s. Worn-out surfaces and wear debris revealed tribe-oxidation and abrasive wear as the primary mechanism for material removal at lower loads and low speed (0.39 m/s). With an increase in load and speed, fragmented graphite nodules acted as solid lubricants. Additionally, partial transfer of tribo-oxide onto the counter-body ball, and plastic deformation and strain hardening of ADI matrix lowered the friction coefficient and wear rate at higher loads and speed, to nearly 1/ 3 and 1/10 as compared with those at lower loads and speed. The superior wear resistance of present ADI is worthy of consideration for transmission parts.
“…The ferritic structure present in the morphology of ADI acts as a barrier to autocatalytic propagation of nucleation of martensite. The martensite transformation, also known as the TRIP effect was confirmed by many researchers in investigations of ADI as well as treated steels and other ferrous alloys [27,42,48–51]. However, increased hardness of ADI by martensite transformation is often accompanied by the decrease in ductility and increase in brittleness of the material, making it either vulnerable or advanced towards its future applications.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 93%
“…As a result, wear rates at higher speeds and loads were further reduced. Many researchers have observed similar oxide layer formation on the surfaces of sliding metals as well as strain hardening in tribological systems [18,25,26,41,42]. Figure 14 SEM microscopic images of cross-sectional region beneath worn region for subsurface analysis: (a–c) 10 N, (d–f) 30 N, (g–i) 50 N and (j–l) 100 N for 0.3 9 m/s, 0.59 and 0.79 m/s.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…As a result, wear rates at higher speeds and loads were further reduced. Many researchers have observed similar oxide layer formation on the surfaces of sliding metals as well as strain hardening in tribological systems [18,25,26,41,42]. A large amount of plastic deformation caused the nodules to be exposed to the counterbody.…”
In this study, dry sliding wear behaviour of a copper alloyed austempered ductile iron (ADI) consisting of very fine ausferrite, small high carbon austenite blocks, was investigated against 100Cr6 ball using ball-on-disc tribometer. Tribotests were conducted at different loads of 10, 30, 50, and 100 N and speeds between 0.39 to 0.79 m/s. Worn-out surfaces and wear debris revealed tribe-oxidation and abrasive wear as the primary mechanism for material removal at lower loads and low speed (0.39 m/s). With an increase in load and speed, fragmented graphite nodules acted as solid lubricants. Additionally, partial transfer of tribo-oxide onto the counter-body ball, and plastic deformation and strain hardening of ADI matrix lowered the friction coefficient and wear rate at higher loads and speed, to nearly 1/ 3 and 1/10 as compared with those at lower loads and speed. The superior wear resistance of present ADI is worthy of consideration for transmission parts.
“…The highest volume loss was obtained in the As-Cast sample (Figure 6 a). Low hardness values can explain this high volume loss [23]. When the tempered samples are compared within themselves, it is seen that the highest wear resistance is obtained in the 315-Single sample (Figure 6 c).…”
Original scientific paperCompacted graphite iron (CGI) is a critical material in today's automotive and manufacturing industries. Heat treatment processes can improve CGI wear properties, related primarily to microstructural changes. In this study, single and double tempering heat treatments were carried out to improve the wear properties of CGI. Oil quenching was performed after 90 minutes of austenitization at 900°C, followed by 60 minutes of single and double tempering at three different temperatures (315, 350, and 375°C). The wear performance of the samples was compared using a pin-on disc test and hardness measurements. The volume loss and friction coefficient were evaluated, and wear maps were constructed to determine the samples' wear behavior. SEM and EDS analyses were carried out to worn surfaces to interpret the wear mechanisms. According to the study's findings, double tempering heat treatment may optimize wear performance better than traditional single tempering, and structures with high toughness-wear resistance combinations can be obtained.
“…Sıralı et al [12] determined the effect of grain size reduction of titanium-zirconium-molybdenum alloys obtained with the addition of Ti on wear performance. Woodward et al [13] investigated the sliding wear response of G320 grey cast iron in different microstructure conditions resulting from quench and temper heat treatment. Hou et al [14] evaluated the galling behaviors in sheet metal forming under various tool conditions with respect to hardness, surface roughness, and coating.…”
In conventional wear simulation, the geometry must be updated for succeeding iterations to predict the accumulated wear. However, repeating this procedure up to the desired iteration is rather time consuming. Thus, a wear simulation process capable of reasonable quantitative wear prediction in reduced computational time is needed. This study aimed to develop an efficient wear simulation method to predict quantitative wear reasonably in reduced computational time without updating the geometry for succeeding iterations. The wear resistance of a stamping tool was quantitatively evaluated for different punch shapes (R3.0 and R5.5) and coating conditions (physical vapor deposition of CrN and AlTiCrN coatings) by using a progressive die set. To capture the nonlinear wear behavior with respect to strokes, a nonlinear equation from a modified form of Archard’s wear model was proposed. By utilizing the scale factor representing the changes in wear properties with respect to wear depth as input, the simulation can predict the behavior of rapidly increasing wear depth with respect to strokes after failure initiation. Furthermore, the proposed simulation method is efficient in terms of computational time because it does not need to perform geometry updates.
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