The Influence of Temperature Upon the Inactivation of a Bacterial Virus By X-Rays

Bachofer, C. S.; Ehret, Charles F.; Mayer, Susanne; Powers, E. L.

doi:10.1073/pnas.39.8.744

Cited by 29 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Indirect effects are generally considered those which result from the action of the products of the irradiated medium, or cell contents, on the sensitive site of the biological entity. The concept of indirect action has been extended further to include effects of reactive products formed within the virus particle itseN, but outside of the sensitive volume (3). In the present paper, however, we limit the consideration of indirect effects to those attributable to the aqueous medium in which the viruses were irradiated.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Role of High Ionic Concentrations in Protection Against X-Irradiation

Bachofer

Pottinger

1954

Journal of General Physiology

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Various levels of protection against x-irradiation damage in bacteriophage T1 may be obtained by the addition of inorganic salts to the aqueous virus suspensions during irradiation. The highest survival values are obtained with the nitrite salts, and their protective power is attributed primarily to their function as reducing agents. The nitrate ion shows greater protection than the corresponding sulfate or chloride ions. This may be due in part to the lower energy level of the nitrate ion, by reason of resonance. Since greater expenditure of incident energy is required to raise the ion from the ground state, the energy thus dissipated may be ineffective in the inactivation of virus particles. The ammonium salts exhibit protection of a different order of magnitude from that of the metallic salts. It is postulated that NH4+ protects in a threefold way: (a) dehydration, (b) reduction, in which the ammonia is oxidized to nitrite and the nitrite to nitrate, and (c) stabilization of the virus protein. Metallic salts likewise protect, but a point of maximum protection is reached in lower concentrations than in the case of the ammonium salts. After this maximum protection is reached, there is a rapid decline in survival with increased concentration. This prevents protection of the order of magnitude that can be obtained with the ammonium salts. It is postulated that a specific cationic interaction with the phage may be responsible for the decreased protection. Bacteriophage is protected during x-irradiation by an alkaline pH, in the case of NH4OH. This protection could not be produced with NaOH, presumably because of the greater hydrolysis of the protein components of the virus particle in solutions of NaOH, whereas NH4OH stabilizes the protein.

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The Role of High Ionic Concentrations in Protection Against X-Irradiation

Bachofer

Pottinger

1954

Journal of General Physiology

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“…The production of non-infectious material containing whole-virus characteristics is a distinct advantage as it supports more complex experimental strategies than can be achieved with chemically modified or heat-denatured inactivated viral material. A number of studies examining the parameters that influence direct or indirect mechanisms of viral inactivation such as, sample types and suspension matrices [40][41][42][43][44] , physiological temperature states 45 , particle size and infectious titer 46 have all indicated that X-ray irradiation could rapidly advance and strengthen conventional public health laboratory activities, and should therefore be considered as a serious contender to the current gold standard radiological sources such as Cobalt-60 for agents requiring BSL3/BSL4 facilities. However, to our knowledge, a detailed study with accurate D-values showing evidence of inactivation of viruses that retain biological and immunological characteristics using X-rays has not been thus far demonstrated.…”

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X-ray inactivation of RNA viruses without loss of biological characteristics

Afrough

Eakins

Durley-White

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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In the event of an unpredictable viral outbreak requiring high/maximum biosafety containment facilities (i.e. BSL3 and BSL4), X-ray irradiation has the potential to relieve pressures on conventional diagnostic bottlenecks and expediate work at lower containment. Guided by Monte Carlo modelling and in vitro 1-log10 decimal-reduction value (D-value) predictions, the X-ray photon energies required for the effective inactivation of zoonotic viruses belonging to the medically important families of Flaviviridae, Nairoviridae, Phenuiviridae and Togaviridae are demonstrated. Specifically, it is shown that an optimized irradiation approach is attractive for use in a multitude of downstream detection and functional assays, as it preserves key biochemical and immunological properties. This study provides evidence that X-ray irradiation can support emergency preparedness, outbreak response and front-line diagnostics in a safe, reproducible and scalable manner pertinent to operations that are otherwise restricted to higher containment BSL3 or BSL4 laboratories.

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Einfluß der Temperatur während der UV‐Bestrahlung auf Inaktivierung und Mutation von Serratia marcescens sowie des Bakteriophagen Kappa

Hainz

Kaplan

1963

J of Basic Microbiology

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I . Problemstellung und LiteraturubersichtEiner der Wege zur Aufkliirung der Wirkung von UV auf biologische Objekte ist das Studium der Lnderungen der Strahleneffekte durch die Faktoren wihrend der Bestrahlung. Wichtige UV-Wirkungen sind die Inaktivierung der Vermehrungsfiihigkeit (Totung) sowie die Auslosung von Mutationen. Nach jetzt verbreiteter Ansicht geht auch die Totung von Zellen und Phagen zum groI3ten Teil letztlich auf Veranderungen in der Erbsubstanz, der DNS, zuriick. Solche inaktivierenden oder mutierenden DNS-Lasionen konnten entweder durch Absorption des UV direkt in der DNS geschehen oder auch durch Absorption aul3erhalb von dieser, z. B. in RNS oder Nukleotiden. I m letzteren Falle miifite die absorbierte Energie dann irgendwie zur DNS gelangen, z. B. durch Diffusion der erzeugten reaktiven Radikale, ,,%ahlengifte" usw. zu den Genen oder durch Einbau geanderter DNS-Bausteine bei der DNS-Reproduktion. Nachdem friiher die Erklarung durch indirekte UV-Wirkungen bevorzugt war, neigt man jetzt mehr zur Bnnahme direkter UV-Effekte in der DNS. Dies wird u. a. begiinstigt durch den Nachweis chemischer UV-Veranderungen in Nukleotiden sowie DNS (z. B. BEUKERS, IJLSTRA u. BERENDS; SHUGAR; SINSHEIIER u. HASTINGS; WACKER e t ai.). Vor allem erscheinen die Pyrimidinbasen UV-sensibel. Thymin kann durch UV mit einem benachbarten Thyminmolekel zu einem Dimer zusammengeschlossen werden; bei Cytosin kann an die 5-6-Doppelbindung H,O angelagert werden.Wenn die Strahlen indirekt vermittels diffundierender Energietriiger wirken wiirden, so ware es moglich, daB diese Molekel oder Radikale bei niederer Temperatur einfrieren und dabei ihre Reaktionsfahigkeit verlieren; dann sollte die Strahlenempfindlichkeit nach niederer Temperatur hin & plotzlich abnehmen. Kurven mit sprunghaften Sensibilitltsabnahmen um bzw. unterhalb 0" C wurden fur die Bakterientotung durch ct-bzw. Rontgen-Strahlen gefunden ; Bakteriensporen ergaben jedoch mehr stetig fallende Kurven (HOUTERMANS, 1954, 1960), desgleichen Bakteriophagen (BACHOFER). STAPELTON u. EDINGTON fanden eine sprunghafte Resistenz-Zunahme von E. coli B/r um 0" nach niederer Temperatur hin nur bei 0,-Anwesenheit, nicht bei Anaerobiose. Die Sensibilitat haploider Hefe gegen Rontgenstrahlen fie1 von 0 nach -33" C ab und stieg dann wieder nach -72" C (WOOD, 1963). Die Rontgen-Mutabilitat trockner Gerstenkorner war bei +17" und -65" C jedoch nicht merklich verschieden (KAPLAN 1950). Die Temperaturabhangigkeit der Wirkungen ionisierender Strahlen scheint demnach vielleicht z. T., jedoch nicht allein durch diffundierende Radikale erklarbar. l ) Mit Unterstutzung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. 2, Gekurzte und veranderte Fassung der Doktordissertation des erstgenannten Autors bei der Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultat der Universitat FrankfurtlMain, 1961.

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The Influence of Temperature Upon the Inactivation of a Bacterial Virus By X-Rays

Cited by 29 publications

References 5 publications

The Role of High Ionic Concentrations in Protection Against X-Irradiation

The Role of High Ionic Concentrations in Protection Against X-Irradiation

X-ray inactivation of RNA viruses without loss of biological characteristics

Einfluß der Temperatur während der UV‐Bestrahlung auf Inaktivierung und Mutation von Serratia marcescens sowie des Bakteriophagen Kappa

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