The Influence of Solvent, Host, and Phenological Stage on the Yield, Chemical Composition, and Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Properties of Phragmanthera capitata (Sprengel) S. Balle

Abstract

Phragmanthera capitata was reported to possess many biological properties making it a good candidate for the formulation of a phytomedicine with multiple effects. In this work, we studied some factors likely to modify these therapeutic properties with the aim to contribute to its standardization as an improved traditional medicine. P. capitata parasitizing Persea americana, Psidium guajava, and Podocarpus mannii were harvested at three phenological stages (vegetative, flowering, and fruiting stages). The extracts were prepared by maceration in n-hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol, and distilled water. The total phenolic, flavonoid, flavonol, and tannin contents were measured using appropriate methods. The antioxidant potential of extracts was investigated using TAC, DPPH scavenging, and FRAP methods. The α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of extracts were determined using enzymatic methods. The ethyl acetate extracts with the best phenolic content were subjected to HPLC analysis. The extraction yields were higher with methanol. The ethyl acetate extract of P. capitata harvested from P. guajava showed a stable HPLC profile during the development of the plant, while extracts from the plant collected from P. americana and P. mannii showed both qualitative and quantitative variations according to phonological stages of the plant. The inhibition of α-amylase was more pronounced for P. capitata harvested from P. guajava, decreasing during flowering and fruiting, while inhibition of α-glucosidase was not influenced by the phenological stage and the host of the plant. The α-amylase inhibitors were better extracted by ethyl acetate and those of α-glucosidase by ethanol or methanol. The phenolic contents and antioxidant properties of the extracts were influenced by the phenological stage of P. capitata and its hosts. These results suggest that it is preferable to harvest P. capitata during flowering or during fruiting stages on any host. None of the used solvents permitted an optimal extraction of active principles form P. capitata, suggesting that the mixture of solvents must be considered in further studies.

Response Surface Methodology Applied to the Optimization of the Preparation of Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Extracts from Phragmanthera capitata (Spreng.) Balle: Effect of Particle Size, Powder-to-Solvent Ratio, and Temperature

“…In fact, GC-MS analysis identified 16 chemical markers in the P. capitata ethyl acetate extract at 25°C, including 2-butanone and 4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl); 7 compounds in the ethyl acetate extract at 55°C; and 1 compound in the extract achieved at 70°C. Rutin and quercetin were also previously identified in the HPLC profile of P. capitata ethyl acetate extract at 22°C [ 19 ]. These compounds could be linked to the broad spectrum of activity of P. capitata .…”

“…capitata . Thus, this extraction protocol resulted in more than twice the extraction yield (3.05%), TTC (62.30 mg TAE/g), FRAP (186.56 mg AAE/g), and α -amylase (IC 50 15.05 µ g/mL) and α -glucosidase (IC 50 21.14 µ g/mL) inhibitory activities when compared to a previous study on P. capitata extraction, where only 1.45% extract yield, 15.31 mg TAE/g TTC, 66.17 mg AAE/g FRAP value, IC 50 of 92.2 µ g/mL ( α -amylase), and IC 50 of 32.75 µ g/mL ( α -glucosidase) were obtained using a temperature of 22°C/48 h, a powder particle size of 250 µ m, and ethyl acetate-to-powder of 5 : 1 mL/g [ 19 ].…”

“…Prediction showed that an extraction temperature of 24.42 °C/15 min, a powder particle size of 250 µm, and an ethyl acetate-to-powder ratio of 8.30 : 1 mL/g can be considered the optimum extraction conditions maximizing the extraction yield, phenolic content, antioxidants, and α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitor extraction from P. capitata. us, this extraction protocol resulted in more than twice the extraction yield (3.05%), TTC (62.30 mg TAE/g), FRAP (186.56 mg AAE/g), and α-amylase (IC 50 15.05 µg/mL) and α-glucosidase (IC 50 21.14 µg/mL) inhibitory activities when compared to a previous study on P. capitata extraction, where only 1.45% extract yield, 15.31 mg TAE/g TTC, 66.17 mg AAE/g FRAP value, IC 50 of 92.2 µg/mL (α-amylase), and IC 50 of 32.75 µg/ mL (α-glucosidase) were obtained using a temperature of 22 °C/48 h, a powder particle size of 250 µm, and ethyl acetate-to-powder of 5 : 1 mL/g [19].…”

“…The total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total flavonol content (TFnC), total tannin content (TFC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging ability (DPPH-RSA) of the extracts as well as the inhibition of α -amylase and α -glucosidase by these extracts were determined as previously described [ 19 ]. Each assay was carried out in triplicate.…”

“…Some pharmacological studies carried out on various crude extracts and purified fractions have confirmed most biological properties of this plant against a number of ailments ranging from diabetes [ 12 ] to hypertension, epilepsy and sedation [ 13 ], infertility [ 14 ], obesity [ 15 ], bacterial and fungal infections [ 16 ], cancer, and inflammation [ 17 ]. Moreover, Ohikhena et al [ 18 ] and Feudjio et al [ 19 ] showed the antidiabetic activity of P. capitata through inhibition of α -amylase and α -glucosidase catalytic activity by ethyl acetate extract. Furthermore, the medicinal value of this plant is great due to its diversified phytochemical component content, including phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins [ 20 ] and its nontoxicity in experimental animals at appropriate doses [ 9 ].…”