“…In Nigeria, the dynamics of city growth have been accompanied by enormous deficiencies in the protection of the environment and provision of amenities (Amnesty International, 2009; Daramola, 2012; Sobrasuaipiri, 2014). As such, residents of urban centers in the country experience disproportionate share of the negative environmental costs especially based on their place of residence (Mobolaji et al., 2022). A cursory glance at urban areas in Nigeria revealed that city growth and human activities have led to increased social and environmental problems such as pollution, traffic congestion, inadequate housing and health services, development of slums, increased crime, and poverty rate, among others.…”