The Influence of Shuttle-Shape Emodin Nanoparticles on the Streptococcus suis Biofilm

Abstract

Biofilm is one of the most important physiological protective barriers of the Streptococcus suis (S. suis), and it is also one of the primary causes of hindrance to drug infiltration, reduction of bactericidal effects, and the development of antibiotic resistance. In order to intervene or eliminate S. suis biofilm, shuttle-shape emodin-loaded nanoparticles were developed in our study. The emodin nanoparticles were prepared by emodin and gelatin–cyclodextrin which was synthesized as drug carrier, and the nanoparticles were 174 nm in size, -4.64 mv in zeta potential, and exhibited a sustained emodin release. Moreover, the delivery kinetics of nanoparticles were also explored in our study. The confocal laser scanning microscopy and colony forming unit enumeration experiment indicated that nanoparticles could increase drug infiltration and uptake by biofilm. The flow cytometry system analysis showed that nanoparticles could be up taken by 99% of the bacteria cells. TCP assay and scanning electron microscopy showed that the nanoparticles had better effect on biofilm inhibition and elimination when compared with emodin solution. These results revealed that the emodin nanoparticles had a better therapeutic effect on the S. suis biofilm in vitro.

Dual Interactions of Amphiphilic Gelatin Copolymer and Nanocurcumin Improving the Delivery Efficiency of the Nanogels

“…1 H-NMR (500 Hz, D 2 O) was conducted to verify whether the pluronic was successfully grafted to the gelatin backbone. As shown in Figure 2 and compared with another study [46,47,48], 1 H-NMR spectrum of GP-F127 includes both proton signals of the amino acid-forming gelatin and proton signals of F127. The peaks at 0.87 ppm is assigned to the methyl protons resonance of Leucine (Leu), Valine (Val) and Isoleucine (Ile).…”

Advances in the study of emodin: an update on pharmacological properties and mechanistic basis

“…Besides, emodin-loaded poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide)/Eudragit Ⓡ S100/montmorillonite nanoparticles specifically released emodin in the diseased colon, thus effectively suppressed ulcerative colitis-related immune-inflammatory responses [ 209 ]. Gelatin-cyclodextrin, poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), and cellulose acetate were also applied to assembly-load emodin into different anti-bacteria nanoagent to effectively inhibit the growth of S. suis and MRSA [ 210 , 211 ]. In addition, it has been reported that loading emodin on nanosilver, an efficacious antimicrobial agent, significantly protected against cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis in vitro and in vivo, by halting gut-microbiota-mediated systemic infection [ 212 ].…”

Combined Analytical Approaches to Standardize and Characterize Biomaterials Formulations: Application to Chitosan-Gelatin Cross-Linked Hydrogels

“…Chitosan-MF and gelatin-MF were characterized by 1 H-NMR analysis to evaluate the functionalization degree and the peaks assignment [50][51][52][53] (Figures S1 and S5). In-depth Figure 2b shows the evolution of IR spectra versus time of the reaction gelatin-MF and chitosan-MF with 4-arm-PEG10K-maleimide in PBS pH 7.4.…”

“…Chitosan-MF and gelatin-MF were characterized by 1 H-NMR analysis to evaluate the functionalization degree and the peaks assignment [50][51][52][53] (Figures S1 and S5). In-depth NMR characterization via 13 C-NMR, HSQC, and gHMBC analysis of starting materials can be found in the Supplementary Materials.…”