The influence of repeated pain stimulation on the emotional aspect of pain: a preliminary study in healthy volunteers

Maeoka, Hiroshi; Hiyamizu, Makoto; Matsuo, Atsushi; Morioka, Shu

doi:10.2147/jpr.s86732

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The result that participating athletes did not show any significant changes in pain ratings over the season (according to VAS) accords with other research that has found that pain perception does not necessarily change as a result of repeated exposure to pain [38].…”

Section: Pain Tolerancesupporting

confidence: 89%

A longitudinal exploration of pain tolerance and participation in contact sports

Thornton

Sheffield

Baird

2017

Scandinavian Journal of Pain

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AbstractBackground/aims Athletes who choose to engage in contact sports do so with the knowledge that participation will bring pain in the form of contact with others, injury, and from exertion. Whilst athletes who play contact sports have been shown to have higher pain tolerance than those who do not, it is unclear whether this is a result of habituation over time, or as a result of individual differences at the outset. The aim was to compare pain responses over an athletic season in athletes who participated in contact sport and those who disengaged from it.Methods One hundred and two new contact athletes completed measures of cold and ischaemic pain tolerance, perceived pain intensity, pain bothersomeness, pain coping styles and attendance at the start, middle (4 months) and end (8 months) of their season. The athletes were drawn from martial arts, rugby and American football. Cluster analysis placed 47 athletes into a participating category and 55 into a non-participating cluster.ResultsParticipating athletes had higher ischaemic pain tolerance at the start (r = 0.27, p = 0.05), middle (r = 0.41, p < 0.0001) and end of the season (r = 0.57, p < 0.0001) compared to non-participating athletes. In addition participating athletes were more tolerant to cold pain at the end of the season (r = 0.39, p < 0.0001), compared to non-participating athletes. Participating athletes also exhibited higher direct coping, catastrophized less about injury pain and also found contact pain to be less bothersome physically and psychologically compared to non-participating athletes. Participating athletes were more tolerant of ischaemic pain at the end of the season compared to the start (r = 0.28, p = 0.04). Conversely nonparticipating athletes became significantly less tolerant to both pain stimuli by the end of the season (cold pressor; r = 0.54, p < 0.0001; ischaemia; r = 0.43, p = 0.006). Pain intensity as measured by a visual analogue scale did not change over the season for both groups.Conclusions Those who cease participation in contact sports become less pain tolerant of experimental pain, possibly a result of catastrophizing. The results suggest that athletes who commit to contact sports find pain less bothersome over time, possibly as a result of experience and learning to cope with pain. Athletes who continue to participate in contact sports have a higher pain tolerance, report less bothersomeness and have higher direct coping than those who drop out. In addition, tolerance to ischaemic pain increased over the season for participating athletes.ImplicationsHaving a low pain tolerance should not prevent athletes from taking part in contact sports, as pain becomes less bothersome in athletes who adhere to such activities. Participating in contact sports may result in maintained cold pain tolerance, increased ischaemic pain tolerance, reduced catastrophizing and better coping skills. Coaches can therefore work with athletes to develop pain coping strategies to aid adherence to contact sports.

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Section: Pain Tolerancesupporting

confidence: 89%

A longitudinal exploration of pain tolerance and participation in contact sports

Thornton

Sheffield

Baird

2017

Scandinavian Journal of Pain

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“…1 ). This mechanism could be evolutionarily developed to restore nociceptive system after habituation or adaption to current painful sensations for sensing new aversive stimuli in the future by transferring the current somatic pain experience to its non-habituated affective component 71 . Thus, although most researchers view alexithymia as a risk factor for pain, the opposite may occur—the experience of stressors, including pain, may reduce the ability to perceive, identify, and/or differentiate emotions as a protective mechanism for inhibiting attention to pain sensation or redirecting its somatic negative experience to the affective system.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Personalized behavior management as a replacement for medications for pain control and mood regulation

Davydov

Galvez-Sánchez

Montoro

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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A lack of personalized approaches in non-medication pain management has prevented these alternative forms of treatment from achieving the desired efficacy. One hundred and ten female patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) and 60 healthy women without chronic pain were assessed for severity of chronic or retrospective occasional pain, respectively, along with alexithymia, depression, anxiety, coping strategies, and personality traits. All analyses were conducted following a ‘resource matching’ hypothesis predicting that to be effective, a behavioral coping mechanism diverting or producing cognitive resources should correspond to particular mechanisms regulating pain severity in the patient. Moderated mediation analysis found that extraverts could effectively cope with chronic pain and avoid the use of medications for pain and mood management by lowering depressive symptoms through the use of distraction mechanism as a habitual (‘out-of-touch-with-reality’) behavior. However, introverts could effectively cope with chronic pain and avoid the use of medications by lowering catastrophizing through the use of distraction mechanism as a situational (‘in-touch-with-reality’) behavior. Thus, personalized behavior management techniques applied according to a mechanism of capturing or diverting the main individual ‘resource’ of the pain experience from its ‘feeding’ to supporting another activity may increase efficacy in the reduction of pain severity along with decreasing the need for pain relief and mood-stabilizing medications.

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“…Pertinently, chronic pain has been consistently associated with anxiety 103 – 105 —a behavioural outcome observed for our repeatedly injected animals. Furthermore, preclinical studies using electric foot shock paradigms, which also elicit pain, likewise report an increase in anxiety-like behaviour 106 , 107 , and clinical studies using repeated pain stimulation show that, despite pain habituation, exposed individuals report increased anxiety 108 . Interestingly, previous research shows how repeated injection differentially alters affective outcomes in rats with high and low emotionality, with low responders showing no change in depressive-like states 21 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The type of stress matters: repeated injection and permanent social isolation stress in male mice have a differential effect on anxiety- and depressive-like behaviours, and associated biological alterations

et al. 2020

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Chronic stress can alter the immune system, adult hippocampal neurogenesis and induce anxiety- and depressive-like behaviour in rodents. However, previous studies have not discriminated between the effect(s) of different types of stress on these behavioural and biological outcomes. We investigated the effect(s) of repeated injection vs. permanent social isolation on behaviour, stress responsivity, immune system functioning and hippocampal neurogenesis, in young adult male mice, and found that the type of stress exposure does indeed matter. Exposure to 6 weeks of repeated injection resulted in an anxiety-like phenotype, decreased systemic inflammation (i.e., reduced plasma levels of TNFα and IL4), increased corticosterone reactivity, increased microglial activation and decreased neuronal differentiation in the dentate gyrus (DG). In contrast, exposure to 6 weeks of permanent social isolation resulted in a depressive-like phenotype, increased plasma levels of TNFα, decreased plasma levels of IL10 and VEGF, decreased corticosterone reactivity, decreased microglial cell density and increased cell density for radial glia, s100β-positive cells and mature neuroblasts—all in the DG. Interestingly, combining the two distinct stress paradigms did not have an additive effect on behavioural and biological outcomes, but resulted in yet a different phenotype, characterized by increased anxiety-like behaviour, decreased plasma levels of IL1β, IL4 and VEGF, and decreased hippocampal neuronal differentiation, without altered neuroinflammation or corticosterone reactivity. These findings demonstrate that different forms of chronic stress can differentially alter both behavioural and biological outcomes in young adult male mice, and that combining multiple stressors may not necessarily cause more severe pathological outcomes.

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The influence of repeated pain stimulation on the emotional aspect of pain: a preliminary study in healthy volunteers

Cited by 12 publications

References 30 publications

A longitudinal exploration of pain tolerance and participation in contact sports

A longitudinal exploration of pain tolerance and participation in contact sports

Personalized behavior management as a replacement for medications for pain control and mood regulation

The type of stress matters: repeated injection and permanent social isolation stress in male mice have a differential effect on anxiety- and depressive-like behaviours, and associated biological alterations

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