The influence of process parameters of screen-printed invasive plant paper electrodes on cyclic voltammetry

Kavčič, Urška; Karlovits, Igor

doi:10.1515/npprj-2019-0070

Cited by 13 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…However, the anodic and cathodic currents' peak intensity for the ETB 1x G and ETB 2x G samples decreased after undergoing the grinding process. The observed decrease in the electrochemical response can be attributed to the polishing process, i.e., the grinding process probably levelled out some of the macro-level surface roughness and consequently decreased the anodic and cathodic current (Kavčič and Karlovits 2020).…”

Section: Cyclic Voltammetry Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The increase in the peak intensity can be ascribed to the increased electrode surface areas of the GCG and ETB-based electrodes, as the grinding process increased the roughness of surfaces. The mechanical grinding process polished away the outer-ink-layer ridges of the printed ink, thus increasing the micro-level surface roughness of the inner-ink-layer's carbon particles (Arduini et al 2012;Kavčič and Karlovits 2020).…”

Section: Cyclic Voltammetry Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also, the grinding process causes an increase in the peak intensity of the anodic and cathodic currents for the GCG 1x G, GCG 2x G, J.K. 1x G, and J.K. 2x G samples. The increase in the peak intensity can be ascribed to the increased surface roughness and with it connected to larger electrode area of the GCG and JK-based electrodes; the mechanical grinding process polishes away the outer-ink-layer ridges of the printed ink and increases the surface area of the carbon particles present in the inner-ink-layer (Rodriguez et al 2009;Kavčič and Karlovits 2020). However, the anodic and cathodic currents' peak intensity for the ETB 1x G and ETB 2x G samples decreased after undergoing the grinding process.…”

Section: Cyclic Voltammetry Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The working electrodes were also printed in one and two ink layer depositions. As an additional step, the authors mechanically grounded the working electrodes, as this was shown to be beneficial and to improve the electrochemical response (Pravda et al 2001;Cumba et al 2016;Lee et al 2016;Kavčič and Karlovits 2020). The printed electrodes and the processing steps are presented in Fig.…”

Section: Experimental Methods and Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Besides, the paper layers needed to be modified or pre-treated for some applications, e.g., with a spin coating to achieve additional functional property (Honeychurch and Hart 2003). The use of invasive plant papers for these purposes has not been widely studied except by Kavčič and Karlovits (2020). The combination of ink printing techniques and the influence of the paper is well known (Brodnjak et al 2017), but newly developed materials (paper substrates) need to be tested due to the inherent influence of the fibre composition and surface sizing or coating, which can influence the absorption and ink spreading mechanism.…”

Section: Paper Properties For Screen-printed Electrodes (Spes)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of cyclic voltammetry measurements of paper-based screen printed electrodes via proprietary and open source potentiostat

Karlovits

Kavčič

Trafela

et al. 2021

BioRes

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The use of screen-printed electrodes in different monitoring applications, e.g., polluted water, biotechnology, agriculture, industrial process control, and other applications, are continuously being developed. New cheap and open-source potentiostats have been recently emerging, in addition to the commercial and proprietary solutions on the market. In this study, paper-based, screen-printed electrodes were utilised as an alternative solution for ceramic-based electrodes and were tested with two potentiostats (proprietary and low-cost open-source running on wireless 64 bit Linux system installed on Raspberry Pi 3+). Unique paper substrates made from invasive plant papers and one commercial product were used for screen electrode printing. Ink layer thicknesses variations and mechanical grinding were applied, and cyclic voltammetry measurements were conducted. The variation in cyclic voltammetry measurements could be attributed to two sources: the potentiostats showed differences in their sensibility and signal values, and paper surface and structure also contributed to differences. Simultaneously, the additional processing steps, e.g., mechanical grinding, introduced additional measurement variations and differences in the measurement process.

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Section: Cyclic Voltammetry Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cyclic Voltammetry Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cyclic Voltammetry Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Experimental Methods and Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Paper Properties For Screen-printed Electrodes (Spes)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of cyclic voltammetry measurements of paper-based screen printed electrodes via proprietary and open source potentiostat

Karlovits

Kavčič

Trafela

et al. 2021

BioRes

Self Cite

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Fabrication of Low‐cost Screen‐printed Electrode in Paper Using Conductive Inks of Graphite and Silver/Silver Chloride

2022

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The fabrication of the Screen‐Printed Electrode (SPE) was performed using the graphite ink to print the working (WE) and counter electrodes (CE), and silver/silver chloride path as reference electrode (RE). All the electrodes are printed in a paper substrate using screen‐printing technique. The resulting SPE is characterized using scanning electron microscopy, showing all the ink layer, and subsequently optimized. The paper sample presented the cellulose fibers entanglement, extremely rough, with highly porous network. Then the graphite ink was deposited and the surface became flat, thinner and very smooth. When the silver ink was painted on top of the graphite ink, the spherical silver particles, ranged from 2–3.5 μm in size, were observed. And finally, the silver ink was covered with a AgCl layer and the particle size becomes larger with an irregular sphere‐like phase. The images showed that the layers appear to be homogeneously distributed with good coverage. Then fabrication process was optimized concerning type of paper, the sanding process, the hydrophobic barrier, the electrode design and size. In summary, the optimized values included using the previously sanded matte paper with a mineral spirit layer. The design and size of the electrode were also tested to achieve the best electrochemical performance (design 3 with 3.5 cm). The final SPE was a miniaturized and flexible paper‐based electrochemical electrode. In order to evaluate the electrical properties, the ohmic resistance of each ink was tested using a multimeter and the obtained values were 2.18 kΩ for the graphite ink, 2.27 Ω for the silver ink and 38.33 kΩ for the silver/silver chloride ink. That can indicate the good conductivity of each ink used in the fabrication of the electrode and the correct deposition of Ag/AgCl. Finally, the electrode was used to measure the electrochemical response of K4[Fe(CN)6] in different concentrations. Then a calibration curve was obtained from the voltammograms and a linearity was observed between the current and concentration in the range of 0.50–2.00 mM. That indicates that the SPE has potential to be used as a voltammetric electrode.

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Chemical and enzymatic deinking efficiency of agricultural and industrial waste fiber‐based paper packaging

Sežun¹,

Karlovits²,

Kavčič³

2022

J Sci Food Agric

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BACKGROUND Deinking is an important part of paper recycling that involves the removal of ink particles from the paper fibres. This industrial process is important so that the fibres can be recirculated back into paper production, which enables better sustainability as fewer fresh fibres are needed. In this study, we examined five different alternative fibre materials from different agricultural residues and industrial processes for the pilot production of papers. Papers containing fibres from invasive plants (Japanese knotweed), dedicated crops (miscanthus, acacia), agricultural residues (tomato stems), and industrial waste (jute – fibres from coffee bags) were printed with water‐based flexo inks and deinked with two separate processes (chemical and enzymes). Mechanical (break and tensile index, breaking length) and optical properties (ISO whiteness, brightness and CIE L*a*b* values) were measured and ink elimination IR700 and deinking efficiency was calculated for the two deinking processes. RESULTS Enzymatic treatment improved the mechanical properties of deinked pulp in comparison with the classic chemical treatment. Mechanical strength for almost all papers increased slightly (breaking length up to 20% in tomato and jute), and the optical result (brightness) increased similarly for both processes due to the bleaching action of the colour‐shaded samples, whereas the deinking efficiency showed mixed results between chemical‑ and enzyme‐type deinking (with chemical achieving better elimination measured at 700 nm) in the typical range of ink elimination values (15–35%) for flexographic inks. This indicates further optimization of the deinking with enzymes is needed due to different alternative fibre compositions and variations of residues in the delignification processes. CONCLUSION Using a combination of adjusted enzymatic treatment as a precursor for deinking of paper‐based packaging materials sourced from alternative fibres showed promising results regarding mechanical properties, whereas the optical properties need to be improved with cellulase optimization or by using mixes of different enzymes. These kinds of paper materials printed with flexo inks were found to be successfully deinkable with the chemical ISO‐based deinking protocol. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

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The influence of process parameters of screen-printed invasive plant paper electrodes on cyclic voltammetry

Cited by 13 publications

References 23 publications

Comparison of cyclic voltammetry measurements of paper-based screen printed electrodes via proprietary and open source potentiostat

Comparison of cyclic voltammetry measurements of paper-based screen printed electrodes via proprietary and open source potentiostat

Fabrication of Low‐cost Screen‐printed Electrode in Paper Using Conductive Inks of Graphite and Silver/Silver Chloride

Chemical and enzymatic deinking efficiency of agricultural and industrial waste fiber‐based paper packaging

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