The Influence of Patient Age on Thyroid Nodule Formation, Multinodularity, and Thyroid Cancer Risk

Kwong, Norra; Medici, Marco; Angell, Trevor E.; Liu, Xiaoyun; Marqusee, Ellen; Cibas, Edmund S.; Krane, Jeffrey F.; Barletta, Justine A.; Kim, Matthew I.; Larsen, P. Reed; Alexander, Erik K.

doi:10.1210/jc.2015-3100

“…Advancing age is known to influence the formation of adenomatous goiter and thyroid cancer [3]. The prevalence of thyroid nodules is increased in the elderly, reaching a frequency of nearly 50% by the age of 65 [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-Related-Changes-of-Trace-Element-Contents-in-Intact-Thyroid-of-Females-Investigated-by-Neutron-Activation-Analysis

Zaichick¹

2017

GGM

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IntroductionThe endocrine organs, including the thyroid gland, undergo important functional changes during aging and a prevalence of thyroid dysfunction is higher in the elderly as compared to the younger population [1,2]. Advancing age is known to influence the formation of adenomatous goiter and thyroid cancer [3]. The prevalence of thyroid nodules is increased in the elderly, reaching a frequency of nearly 50% by the age of 65 [4]. Both prevalence and aggressiveness of thyroid cancer increase with age [2]. Women are affected by thyroid nodule and cancer two to five times more often than men [2][3][4][5].Aging is a complex process involving biochemical and morphologic changes in single cells, in organs and in the whole organism. One of the most generally accepted explanations of how aging occurs at the molecular level is the oxidative stress hypothesis [6]. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are widely considered to be a causal factor not only in aging but in a number of pathological conditions, including carcinogenesis. Aging, considered as an impairment of body functions over time, caused by the accumulation of molecular damage in DNA, proteins and lipids, is also characterized by an increase in intracellular oxidative stress due to the progressive decrease of the intracellular ROS scavenging [7]. Oxidative damage to cellular macromolecules which induce cancer can also arise through overproduction of ROS and faulty antioxidant and/or DNA repair mechanisms [8]. Overproduction of ROS is associated with inflammation, radiation and some other factors, including overload of some trace elements, in both blood and certain tissues, or deficiency of other trace elements with antioxidant properties [9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. Studies have shown that the imbalance in the composition of trace elements may cause different types of pathology. The importance of appropriate levels of many trace elements is indisputable, due to their beneficial roles when in specific concentration ranges, while on the other hand they can cause toxic effects with excessively high or low concentrations [12].In our previous studies [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] the high mass fraction of Iodine (I) and some other trace element were observed in intact human thyroid gland when compared with their levels in non-thyroid soft tissues of the human body. However, some questions about the age-dependence of trace element mass fraction in thyroid of adult, and particularly, elderly females still remain unanswered. One valuable way to elucidate the situation is to compare the mass fractions of trace elements in young adult (the control group) with those in older adult and geriatric thyroid. The findings of the excess or deficiency of trace element contents in thyroid and the perturbations of their relative proportions in glands of adult and elderly females, may give an indication of their role in a higher prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in the elderly. The reliable data on trace element mass fractions in normal geriatric thyroid is apparently extremel...

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“…3 The prevalence of thyroid nodules is increased in the elderly, reaching a frequency of nearly 50% by the age of 65.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 Women are affected by thyroid nodule and cancer two to five times more often than men, but in age over 65 years a prevalence of thyroid cancer is higher in men. [2][3][4][5] Aging is a complex process involving biochemical and morphologic changes in single cells, in organs, and in the whole organism. One of the most generally accepted explanations of how aging occurs at the molecular level is the oxidative stress hypothesis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Age-Related Changes of Some Trace Element Contents in Intact Thyroid of Males Investigated by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescent Analysis

Zaichick¹

2017

mojgg

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Abbreviations: 109Cd EDXRF, 109cd radionuclide-induced energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence analysis; CRM/SRM, certified/ standard reference materials; IAEA, international atomic energy agency IntroductionThe endocrine organs, including the thyroid gland, undergo important functional changes during aging and a prevalence of thyroid dysfunction is higher in the elderly as compared to the younger population.1,2 Advancing age is known to influence the formation of adenomatous goiter and thyroid cancer.3 The prevalence of thyroid nodules is increased in the elderly, reaching a frequency of nearly 50% by the age of 65.4 Both prevalence and aggressiveness of thyroid cancer increase with age.2 Women are affected by thyroid nodule and cancer two to five times more often than men, but in age over 65 years a prevalence of thyroid cancer is higher in men. [2][3][4][5] Aging is a complex process involving biochemical and morphologic changes in single cells, in organs, and in the whole organism. One of the most generally accepted explanations of how aging occurs at the molecular level is the oxidative stress hypothesis. 6 Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are widely considered to be a causal factor not only in aging but in a number of pathological conditions, including carcinogenesis. Aging, considered as an impairment of body functions over time, caused by the accumulation of molecular damage in DNA, proteins and lipids, is also characterized by an increase in intracellular oxidative stress due to the progressive decrease of the intracellular ROS scavenging.7 Oxidative damage to cellular macromolecules which induce cancer can also arise through overproduction of ROS and faulty antioxidant and/or DNA repair mechanisms. 8Overproduction of ROS is associated with inflammation, radiation, and some other factors, including overload of some trace elements, in both blood and certain tissues, or deficiency of other trace elements with antioxidant properties. [9][10][11][12][13][14][15] Studies have shown that the imbalance in the composition of trace elements may cause different types of pathology. The importance of appropriate levels of many trace elements is indisputable, due to their beneficial roles when in specific concentration ranges, while on the other hand they can cause toxic effects with excessively high or low concentrations. 12In our previous studies [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] the high mass fraction of iodine and some other trace element were observed in intact human thyroid gland when compared with their levels in non-thyroid soft tissues of the human body. However, some questions about the age-dependence of trace element mass fraction in thyroid of adult and, particularly, elderly females still remain unanswered. One valuable way to elucidate the situation is to compare the mass fractions of trace elements in young adult (the control group) with those in older adult and geriatric thyroid. The findings of the excess or deficiency of trace element contents in thyroid and the perturbations of their relative proport...

show abstract

“…Both prevalence and aggressiveness of thyroid cancer increase with age [2]. Women are affected by thyroid nodule and cancer two to five times more often than men [2][3][4][5].Aging is a complex process involving biochemical and morphologic changes in single cells, in organs and in the whole organism. One of the most generally accepted explanations of how aging occurs at the molecular level is the oxidative stress hypothesis [6].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-Related-Changes-of-Trace-Element-Contents-in-Intact-Thyroid-of-Females-Investigated-by-Neutron-Activation-Analysis

Zaichick¹

2017

GGM

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

IntroductionThe endocrine organs, including the thyroid gland, undergo important functional changes during aging and a prevalence of thyroid dysfunction is higher in the elderly as compared to the younger population [1,2]. Advancing age is known to influence the formation of adenomatous goiter and thyroid cancer [3]. The prevalence of thyroid nodules is increased in the elderly, reaching a frequency of nearly 50% by the age of 65 [4]. Both prevalence and aggressiveness of thyroid cancer increase with age [2]. Women are affected by thyroid nodule and cancer two to five times more often than men [2][3][4][5].Aging is a complex process involving biochemical and morphologic changes in single cells, in organs and in the whole organism. One of the most generally accepted explanations of how aging occurs at the molecular level is the oxidative stress hypothesis [6]. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are widely considered to be a causal factor not only in aging but in a number of pathological conditions, including carcinogenesis. Aging, considered as an impairment of body functions over time, caused by the accumulation of molecular damage in DNA, proteins and lipids, is also characterized by an increase in intracellular oxidative stress due to the progressive decrease of the intracellular ROS scavenging [7]. Oxidative damage to cellular macromolecules which induce cancer can also arise through overproduction of ROS and faulty antioxidant and/or DNA repair mechanisms [8]. Overproduction of ROS is associated with inflammation, radiation and some other factors, including overload of some trace elements, in both blood and certain tissues, or deficiency of other trace elements with antioxidant properties [9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. Studies have shown that the imbalance in the composition of trace elements may cause different types of pathology. The importance of appropriate levels of many trace elements is indisputable, due to their beneficial roles when in specific concentration ranges, while on the other hand they can cause toxic effects with excessively high or low concentrations [12].In our previous studies [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] the high mass fraction of Iodine (I) and some other trace element were observed in intact human thyroid gland when compared with their levels in non-thyroid soft tissues of the human body. However, some questions about the age-dependence of trace element mass fraction in thyroid of adult, and particularly, elderly females still remain unanswered. One valuable way to elucidate the situation is to compare the mass fractions of trace elements in young adult (the control group) with those in older adult and geriatric thyroid. The findings of the excess or deficiency of trace element contents in thyroid and the perturbations of their relative proportions in glands of adult and elderly females, may give an indication of their role in a higher prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in the elderly. The reliable data on trace element mass fractions in normal geriatric thyroid is apparently extremel...

show abstract

The Influence of Patient Age on Thyroid Nodule Formation, Multinodularity, and Thyroid Cancer Risk

Cited by 196 publications

References 31 publications

Age-Related-Changes-of-Trace-Element-Contents-in-Intact-Thyroid-of-Females-Investigated-by-Neutron-Activation-Analysis

Age-Related-Changes-of-Trace-Element-Contents-in-Intact-Thyroid-of-Females-Investigated-by-Neutron-Activation-Analysis

Age-Related Changes of Some Trace Element Contents in Intact Thyroid of Males Investigated by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescent Analysis

Age-Related-Changes-of-Trace-Element-Contents-in-Intact-Thyroid-of-Females-Investigated-by-Neutron-Activation-Analysis

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