“…The rapid development of digital technologies has spurred strong interest among scholars to employ these technologies for educational purposes, not only to facilitate learning in formal settings (Farrokhnia et al, 2019;Hassanzadeh et al, 2016;Heidari et al, 2020;Noroozi et al, 2016Noroozi et al, , 2018Seo et al, 2021;Winkler et al, 2021) but also in informal, out of the class, settings (Chan et al, 2015;Coll & Treagust, 2015;Hubbard, 2019;Song & Lee, 2014). With the recent advent and affordance of new technologies, increasing attention has been paid to digital informal learning (DIL) and the way students learn in such settings (Reinders & Benson, 2017).…”